ArticleNature materials2021
Living materials with programmable functionalities grown from engineered microbial co-cultures.
Article in Nature materials, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 122 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
122 citing papers in PubMed, 331 citations in OpenAlex.
- Kombucha Bacterial Cellulose Obtained from Tea Fermentation for Biomedical Applications.ACS applied engineering materials · 2026Article
- Upcycling Vegetable Waste Into Functional Food Ingredients via Synergistic Microbial Engineering and Artificial Intelligence.Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety · 2026Review
- De Novo Autogenic Engineered Living Functional Materials.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Article
- Living co-culture fabrication for biologically crosslinked mycelium-cellulose hydrogels and films.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Tailored living mycelium macerate for reproducible flexible actuators.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Gene Editing-Driven Engineering of Microbial Systems and Metabolites for Precision Medicine and Sustainable Environmental Remediation.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Review
- A programmable fungal platform for engineered living textiles.Science advances · 2026Article
- A programmable living force sensor fabricated with surface engineered microbial network.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Polymer chemistry at the living-material interface.Chemical science · 2026Review
- A signal peptide-guided approach towards in situ functionalization of bacterial nanocellulose in Komagataeibacter rhaeticus.Journal of biological engineering · 2026Article
- Self-Growing and Mechanically Tunable Living Materials withACS applied polymer materials · 2026Article
- Programmable cell-cell adhesion in synthetic yeast communities for improved bioproduction.Nature chemical biology · 2026Article
- De Novo Engineered Living Materials via Elastin-Like Polypeptide-Mediated Self-Assembly.ACS synthetic biology · 2026Article
- Kombucha-Derived Cellulose Non-wovens: Growth Optimization, Mechanics, and Recycling.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Autonomous Cargo Transport with Biohybrid Microswimmers Enabled by Light-Mediated Bacteria-Cargo Communication.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Article
- Programmable Semi-Interpenetrating Living Materials With Robust Stability for Versatile Bioremediation and Biotherapeutics.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Synthetic circuits for cell ratio control.Nature · 2026Article
- Bacterial cellulose as a promising biodegradable bioplastic for sustainability.Nature communications · 2026Review
- Artificial Symbiosis for Bulk Production of Bacterial Cellulose Composites.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Article
- Bio-orthogonal functionalization of bacterial cellulose combining metabolic glycoengineering and click chemistry.Nature communications · 2026Article
62 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Biological systems assemble living materials that are autonomously patterned, can self-repair and can sense and respond to their environment. The field of engineered living materials aims to create novel materials with properties similar to those of natural biomaterials using genetically engineered organisms. Here, we describe an approach to fabricating functional bacterial cellulose-based living materials using a stable co-culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast and bacterial cellulose-producing Komagataeibacter rhaeticus bacteria. Yeast strains can be engineered to secrete enzymes into bacterial cellulose, generating autonomously grown catalytic materials and enabling DNA-encoded modification of bacterial cellulose bulk properties. Alternatively, engineered yeast can be incorporated within the growing cellulose matrix, creating living materials that can sense and respond to chemical and optical stimuli. This symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast is a flexible platform for the production of bacterial cellulose-based engineered living materials with potential applications in biosensing and biocatalysis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.