ArticleScientific reports2021
Safe and effective aerosolization of in vitro transcribed mRNA to the respiratory tract epithelium of horses without a transfection agent.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Messenger RNA delivery into Sertoli cells restores fertility to congenitally infertile male mice.Stem cell reports · 2026Article
- 2'-hydroxyl modification improves enzymatic and thermal stability of mRNA.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Article
- Mucosal administration of lipid nanoparticles containing self-amplifying mRNA induces local uptake and expression in a pig model as a potential vaccination platform against STIs.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
- Nebulization of an mRNA-encoded monoclonal antibody for passive immunization of foals against Rhodococcus equi.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Article
- Inhaled non-viral delivery systems for RNA therapeutics.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2025Review
- Modified mRNA-MediatedInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Nanotechnology of inhalable vaccines for enhancing mucosal immunity.Drug delivery and translational research · 2024Review
- COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: Platforms and current developments.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2022Review
- mRNA - A game changer in regenerative medicine, cell-based therapy and reprogramming strategies.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2021Review
- Can the triumph of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 be extended to other viral infections of humans and domesticated animals?Microbes and infectionArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Vaccines and therapeutics using in vitro transcribed mRNA hold enormous potential for human and veterinary medicine. Transfection agents are widely considered to be necessary to protect mRNA and enhance transfection, but they add expense and raise concerns regarding quality control and safety. We found that such complex mRNA delivery systems can be avoided when transfecting epithelial cells by aerosolizing the mRNA into micron-sized droplets. In an equine in vivo model, we demonstrated that the translation of mRNA into a functional protein did not depend on the addition of a polyethylenimine (PEI)-derived transfection agent. We were able to safely and effectively transfect the bronchial epithelium of foals using naked mRNA (i.e., mRNA formulated in a sodium citrate buffer without a delivery vehicle). Endoscopic examination of the bronchial tree and histology of mucosal biopsies indicated no gross or microscopic adverse effects of the transfection. Our data suggest that mRNA administered by an atomization device eliminates the need for chemical transfection agents, which can reduce the cost and the safety risks of delivering mRNA to the respiratory tract of animals and humans.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.