ArticleNature protocols2021
Stem-cell-derived human microglia transplanted into mouse brain to study human disease.
Article in Nature protocols, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 70 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 104 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evaluation of Cell-Specific Alterations in Alzheimer's Disease and Relevance of In Vitro Models.Genes · 2023Pooled it
- Translational modelling of human microglia from cultures to chimeras.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2026Review
- CD11c + microglia: From basic research to clinical application.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Microglial states revisited: from homeostasis to disease.Nature reviews. Neuroscience · 2026Review
- Generating Microglia-Integrated Cortical Organoids from Human Embryonic Stem Cells.Stem cell reviews and reports · 2026Article
- Advances and applications of brain organoids in central nervous system disorders: Bridging the gap from laboratory to clinic.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Dysregulation of astrocytic DNAJC6 contributes to sporadic Parkinson's disease pathogenesis.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- Targeted cellular micropharmacies deliver therapeutic agents to the brain.EMBO molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Immune response to adeno-associated viral vectors in a human iPSC-derived microglia chimeric mouse model.Cell reports methods · 2026Article
- Bacillus cereus Induces Necroptosis in Microglia via the RIPK1/3-MLKL Pathway.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Article
- Microglia-associated progression of multiple sclerosis: target identification and therapeutic engagement in human in vitro models.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2026Review
- TSC-associated microglial hyperactivity: enhanced calcium signaling, metabolism, and phagocytosis.Acta neuropathologica · 2026Article
- Organoid-microglia system for modeling the immune microenvironment of the brain and retina.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The Alzheimer's therapeutic Lecanemab attenuates Aβ pathology by inducing an amyloid-clearing program in microglia.Nature neuroscience · 2026Article
- Pluripotent stem cells-based neural organoids for modelling human brain development and diseases.Cell & bioscience · 2025Review
- C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansions impair microglial response in ALS.Nature neuroscience · 2025Article
- Review
- Phagocytes as Plaque Catalysts: Human Macrophages Actively Generate Pathogenic Aβ42 Fibrils with Seeding and Cross-Seeding Potency.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Article
- Defined human tri-lineage brain microtissues.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Microglia are critically involved in complex neurological disorders with a strong genetic component, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and frontotemporal dementia. Although mouse microglia can recapitulate aspects of human microglia physiology, they do not fully capture the human genetic aspects of disease and do not reproduce all human cell states. Primary cultures of human microglia or microglia derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are difficult to maintain in brain-relevant cell states in vitro. Here we describe MIGRATE (microglia in vitro generation refined for advanced transplantation experiments, which provides a combined in vitro differentiation and in vivo xenotransplantation protocol to study human microglia in the context of the mouse brain. This article details an accurate, step-by-step workflow that includes in vitro microglia differentiation from human PSCs, transplantation into the mouse brain and quantitative analysis of engraftment. Compared to current differentiation and xenotransplantation protocols, we present an optimized, faster and more efficient approach that yields up to 80% chimerism. To quantitatively assess engraftment efficiency by flow cytometry, access to specialized flow cytometry is required. Alternatively, the percentage of chimerism can be estimated by standard immunohistochemical analysis. The MIGRATE protocol takes ~40 d to complete, from culturing PSCs to engraftment efficiency assessment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.