ArticlePsychopharmacology2021
Lever-press duration as a measure of frustration in sucrose and drug reinforcement.
Article in Psychopharmacology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Frustrative non-reward: A cross-species probe to study brain mechanisms of irritability.Translational psychiatry · 2026Review
- Aggression is not blind: dominance and social history modulate murine responses to social instigation.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Decoding behavioral economics vs. traditional dose response functions in rodent intravenous drug self-administration procedures.Psychopharmacology · 2026Review
- Depleting retinoic acid synthesis in the nucleus accumbens shell produces a protective phenotype for emotional reactivity and drug-taking in rats.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Frustration brake failure hypothesis of substance use disorders.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Frustrative Nonreward: Behavior, Circuits, Neurochemistry, and Disorders.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2024Review
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Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
rationaleCurrently there is little research into the role of frustration in substance use disorders despite research showing that frustration tolerance in humans is associated with a lower likelihood of developing substance use problems, better outcomes in recovery, and fewer relapses.
objectiveIn order to address this need, our studies use a rat model to focus on frustration-related behavior in natural reward and addiction-related behavioral procedures. Frustration is defined as when a subject is unable to achieve a reinforcer, receives less of a reinforcer than anticipated, or has to work harder to achieve a reinforcer.
resultsIn these studies, bar-press durations increase when rats are in a state of frustration during self-administration of sucrose, fentanyl, or cocaine.
conclusionsThese data also show that average bar-press durations do not correlate with the number of bar presses, meaning that press duration is an independent measurement that represents a behavioral construct distinct from craving, which is typically measured with number of bar presses. Essentially, these results support that bar press durations can be used as a real-time measure of frustration as a 4th major facet of addiction-related behavior, adding to craving, impulsivity, and habit.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.