ArticleJournal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.)2021
Estimated dietary sodium intake in Thailand: A nationwide population survey with 24-hour urine collections.
Article in Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed.
- Trial
- Community-based intervention for monitoring of salt intake in hypertensive patients: A cluster randomized controlled trial.PloS one · 2024Trial
- Impact of self-monitoring of salt intake by salt meter in hypertensive patients: A randomized controlled trial (SMAL-SALT).Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2021Trial
- Development of a Low-Sodium Soaking Solution for Shrimp Processing Using Potassium Phosphates (KTPP and TKPP) and L-Lysine: Impacts on Quality and Water-Holding Capacity.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Trends in Sodium Content of Instant Foods in Thailand, 2018-2021: Progress and Remaining Challenges.Preventing chronic disease · 2026Article
- Modeling diet-gut microbiome interactions and prebiotic responses in Thai adults.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Article
- National Trends and Factors Associated with Ischemic Heart Disease Among Individuals with Hypertension in Thailand from 2011 to 2018.Global heart · 2026Article
- Implementation of Established Global Guidelines in the Management of CKD in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Asia.Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN · 2025Article
- Article
- Monitoring Sodium Intake With a Salt Meter in Hemodialysis Patients.Kidney international reports · 2025Article
- Health literacy and uptake of healthy diet and exercise amongst individuals with prehypertension in Thailand.Health promotion international · 2025Article
- Article
- Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion in Bangladeshi Adults: Results from a Population-Based Survey with 24-Hour Urine Collections.Global heart · 2025Article
- Clinical Epidemiology of Hypertension in Rural Thailand: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study.Global heart · 2025Article
- Mobilizing champions for sodium reduction in Thailand.The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia · 2024Article
- How an agreement with restriction of unhealthy food marketing and sodium taxation influenced high fat, salt or sugar (HFSS) food consumption.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Characteristics and clinical outcomes of people with hypertension receiving continuous care in Thailand: a cross-sectional study.The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia · 2024Article
- Diabetes-specific formula with standard of care improves glycemic control, body composition, and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes: results from a randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Health literacy and high blood pressure among Myanmar migrant workers in Northeastern Thailand.PloS one · 2024Article
- Availability and Price of Low-Sodium Condiments and Instant Noodles in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region.Preventing chronic disease · 2023Article
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23 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Thailand has committed to reducing population sodium intake by 30% by 2025. However, reliable nationally representative data are unavailable for monitoring progress toward the goal. We estimated dietary sodium consumption using 24-hour urinary analyses in a nationally representative, cross-sectional population-based survey. We selected 2388 adults (aged ≥ 18 years) from the North, South, North-east, Central Regions, and Bangkok, using multi-stage cluster sampling. Mean sodium excretion was inflated by 10% to adjust for non-urinary sources. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to assess factors associated with sodium consumption ≥ 2000 mg. Among 1599 (67%) who completed urine collection, mean age was 43 years, 53% were female, and 30% had hypertension. Mean dietary sodium intake (mg/day) was 3636 (±1722), highest in South (4108 ± 1677), and lowest in North-east (3316 ± 1608). Higher sodium consumption was independently associated with younger age (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 2.81; 95% Confidence interval (CI): 1.53-5.17; p = .001); higher education (AOR 1.79; 95% CI: 1.19-2.67; p = .005), BMI ≥ 25 (AOR 1.55; 95% CI: 1.09-2.21; p=.016), and hypertension (AOR 1.58; 95% CI: 1.02-2.44; p = .038). Urine potassium excretion was 1221 mg/day with little variation across Regions. Estimated dietary sodium consumption in Thai adults is nearly twice as high as recommended levels. These data provide a benchmark for future monitoring.
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