ReviewRheumatology and therapy2021
Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases Beyond Lupus: A Systematic Review of the Available Evidence.
Review in Rheumatology and therapy, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antiphospholipid antibodies and cardiovascular thrombosis.Nature reviews. Cardiology · 2026Review
- Characterizing the effects of genetic liability to autoimmune conditions on pregnancy outcomes using Mendelian randomization.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Exploratory Machine Learning Prioritizes Shared Blood Transcriptional Candidate Genes and Immune Correlates Across Antiphospholipid Syndrome and Systemic Sclerosis.BioMed research international · 2026Article
- Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Giant Cell Arteritis-Related Thrombosis.Archives of rheumatology · 2025Article
- Unravelling IPAF, VEDOSS and connective tissue diseases classifications through the mixed connective tissue disease spectrum.RMD open · 2025Observational
- IgM Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Prevalence, Clinical Associations, and Diagnostic Implications-A Scoping Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Activated Complement System's Impact in Antiphospholipid Syndrome Thrombosis: From Pathophysiology to Treatment.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Article
- Even low levels of anticardiolipin antibodies are associated with pregnancy-related complications: A monocentric cohort study.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2025Article
- Acute pancreatitis as an initial presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report.Journal of medical case reports · 2025Article
- Best Evidence Summary for Preconception Management in Childbearing-Age Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2025Review
- Under the dual effect of inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis, CTD-ILD patients possess a greater susceptibility to VTE.Thrombosis journal · 2024Review
- Positive antiphospholipid antibodies: observation or treatment?Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis · 2023Review
- Endothelial Dysfunction in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Systemic Sclerosis: A Common Trigger for Different Microvascular Diseases.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Review
- [New aspects of rare rheumatic diseases during pregnancy].Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie · 2021Review
- Screening for Pulmonary Hypertension in Systemic Sclerosis-A Primer for Cardio-Rheumatology Clinics.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Cardiovascular Disease in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Risk Factors, Autoantibodies, and the Effect of Antirheumatic Therapies.Clinical medicine insights. Arthritis and musculoskeletal disorders · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) requires the presence of thrombosis and/or recurrent miscarriages along with one or more anti-phospholipid antibodies (aPL). The role of aPL has been largely investigated in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with minimal data on other autoimmune rheumatic diseases. In this review, we aim to assess the prevalence of aPL in patients with inflammatory and autoimmune rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs) other than SLE, and their association with thrombosis.
resultsA total of 20 studies, including 3242 patients, measured aPL in different inflammatory and autoimmune RMDs. The overall median percentage of aPL-positive patients was 14.05% (from 0 to 57.5%). For systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients, the median positivity was 14.05% for aPL, with IgG aCL being detected in up to 35.48% of all SSc aPL-positive patients. Only six studies (30%) performed an antibody confirmation test after 12 weeks, with the median prevalence being 10.88% (from 0 to 29.79%). Only six studies also assessed the number of double or triple aPL-positive patients. A total of eight (40%) studies including 1071 patients investigated the association between aPL and thrombotic events, namely five for SSc, one for SS, one for ANCA associated vasculitides (AAV), and one for RA. A median of 18.75% (7.69-71.43%) of aPL-positive patients experienced an arterial event in comparison to a median of 13.66% (7.69-31.25%) who underwent venous thrombotic event. Taking into consideration only the studies that performed a confirmation test, a median value of 34.36% (12.9-71.43%) of aPL-positive patients underwent an arterial event and a median value of 16.32% (9.68-25%) of aPL-positive patients underwent a venous event.
conclusionsAnti-phospholipid antibodies can be detected in up to a third of patients with inflammatory and autoimmune RMDs, especially in SSc. However, there was a large heterogeneity among the retrieved studies. Available data supporting a general screening for aPL in all inflammatory and autoimmune RMDs are still insufficient. Screening for aPL in selected scenarios (e.g., pregnancy planning) could be considered.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.