ArticleScientific reports2021
Phenol-rich fulvic acid as a water additive enhances growth, reduces stress, and stimulates the immune system of fish in aquaculture.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of humate andVeterinary and animal science · 2026Article
- Functionalization ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- The Assessment of Natural Biomineral Leonardite on Growth and Pigmentation of Goldfish,Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Dietary Sodium Humate Improves Intestinal Mucosal Immune and Biological Barriers of Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (Aquaculture nutrition · 2025Article
- Far-UVC 222 nm Treatment: Effects of Nitrate/Nitrite on Disinfection Byproduct Formation Potential.Environmental science & technology · 2024Article
- The effects of different biochars on Caenorhabditis elegans and the underlying transcriptomic mechanisms.PloS one · 2023Article
- Article
- Modification of the chemically induced inflammation assay reveals the Janus face of a phenol rich fulvic acid.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- In Vitro Determination of Inhibitory Effects of Humic Substances Complexing Zn and Se on SARS-CoV-2 Virus Replication.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Effects of fulvic acid on growth performance, serum index, gut microbiota, and metabolites of Xianju yellow chicken.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- Vibrio parahaemolyticus CadC regulates acid tolerance response to enhance bacterial motility and cytotoxicity.Journal of fish diseases · 2021Article
- Effect of Humic Substances as Feed Additive on the Growth Performance, Antioxidant Status, and Health Condition of African Catfish (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Aquaculture has become imperative to cover the demands for dietary animal protein. Simultaneously, it has to overcome prejudices from excessive use of antibiotics and environmental impacts. Natural supplements are traditionally applied orally. In this study, we demonstrated another pathway: the gills. Humic substances are immunostimulants and a natural part of every aquatic ecosystem, making them ideal to be used as bath stimulants. Five and 50 mg C/L of a fulvic acid-rich humic substance was added for 28 days to the water of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). This fulvic acid is characterized by a high content of phenolic moieties with persistent free radicals and a high electron exchange capacity. The high concentration of the fulvic acid significantly increased growth and reduced the food conversion ratio and the response to a handling-stressor. Phagocytosis and potential killing activity of head kidney leukocytes were increased, as well as the total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC) and lysozyme activity in the gills. In conclusion, immunostimulation via gills is possible with our fulvic acid, and the high phenolic content improved overall health and stress resistance of fish.
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