ArticleHealthcare (Basel, Switzerland)2021
Explaining Handwashing Behavior in a Sample of College Students during COVID-19 Pandemic Using the Multi-Theory Model (MTM) of Health Behavior Change: A Single Institutional Cross-Sectional Survey.
Article in Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07434921 (TESTING AN MTM THEORY-BASED INTERVENTION ON REDUCING DROWSY DRIVING BEHAVIOR, "STAY AWAKE, STAY ALIVE, ©" AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS), which is not on this map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Testing an mtm theory-based intervention on reducing drowsy driving behavior, "stay awake, stay alive, ©" among college students: an educational randomized controlled trial
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Utilization of the multi-theory model (MTM) of health behavior change to explain health behaviors: A systematic review.Health promotion perspectives · 2024Pooled it
- Theory-Based Antecedents of Stopping Texting While Driving Among College Students for Injury Prevention: A Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Testing of a multi-theory model (MTM) to determine factors associated with the initiation and maintenance of adequate sleep behaviour among students from a Southeastern US medical school.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- Psychological and psychosocial determinants of COVID-related handwashing behaviours: A systematic review.Campbell systematic reviews · 2024Review
- Theory-Based Determinants of Stopping Drowsy Driving Behavior in College Students: A Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Examining the Gambling Behavior of University Students: A Cross-Sectional Survey Applying the Multi-Theory Model (MTM) of Health Behavior Change in a Single Institution.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- The effect of empowerment program to reduce Sugar Consumption based on the Multi-Theory Model on Body Mass Index and abdominal obesity in Iranian women.BMC women's health · 2023Article
- Exploring the Influencing Factors of COVID-19 Vaccination Willingness among Young Adults in China.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Article
- Predicting Flossing through the Application of the Multi-Theory Model (MTM) of Health Behavior Change among Minority Adolescents in the United States.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Changes in preventive behaviour after COVID-19 vaccination in Thailand: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Effect of Digital-Based Self-Learned Educational Intervention about COVID-19 Using Protection Motivation Theory on Non-Health Students' Knowledge and Self-Protective Behaviors at Saudi Electronic University.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Predicting Physical Activity in Chinese Pregnant Women Using Multi-Theory Model: A Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Transforming Social Determinants to Educational Outcomes: Geospatial Considerations.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Assessing the Testability of the Multi-Theory Model (MTM) in Predicting Vaping Quitting Behavior among Young Adults in the United States: A Cross-Sectional Survey.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- The COVID-19 Health Protocol among University Students: Case Studies in Three Cities in Indonesia.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Assessing COVID-19 Booster Hesitancy and Its Correlates: An Early Evidence from India.Vaccines · 2022Article
- COVID-19 Booster Vaccination Hesitancy in the United States: A Multi-Theory-Model (MTM)-Based National Assessment.Vaccines · 2022Article
- Public perception of isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment during COVID-19 pandemic.BMC public health · 2022Article
- "I Can Sense When My Hands Need Washing": A Qualitative Study and Thematic Analysis of Factors Affecting Young Adults' Hand Hygiene.Environmental health insights · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, handwashing offers a simple and effective hygienic measure for disease prevention. Reportedly, a significant proportion of college students did not follow handwashing recommendations provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the pre-COVID era. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to explore and explain the handwashing behavior among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic using a contemporary fourth-generation multi-theory model (MTM) of health behavior change. Data were collected from 713 college students at a large public university in the Southern U.S. in October 2020 using a validated 36-item survey. Statistical analyses included independent samples t-tests, Pearson correlation, and hierarchical regression modeling. Among students not following handwashing recommendations, the constructs of participatory dialogue (β = 0.152;
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