ArticleJournal of clinical medicine2021
The Development of Empirically Derived Australian Low-Risk Gambling Limits.
Article in Journal of clinical medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Balancing harm prevention and liberty preservation when implementing financial risk assessments for gambling in the United Kingdom: Insights from open banking data.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- Measuring gambling harm in self-reported questionnaires: a scoping review.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- Deriving lower-risk gambling limits from data collected in four cross-sectional Finnish surveys.Journal of behavioral addictions · 2026Article
- Development of lower-risk guidelines for online sports and race betting in Australia using objective behavioural data.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- Striving Towards National Lower-Risk Gambling Guidelines: An Empirical Investigation Among a Sample of Swedish Gamblers.Journal of gambling studies · 2025Article
- The Dependence of Online Gambling Businesses on High-Spending Customers: Quantification and Implications.Journal of gambling studies · 2025Article
- A qualitative investigation of the feasibility and acceptability of lower risk gambling guidelines.Harm reduction journal · 2025Article
- Trends in Lower-Risk Gambling by Age and Net Income among Finnish Men and Women in 2011, 2015, and 2019.Journal of gambling studies · 2025Article
- Feature preferences of sports betting platforms: A discrete choice experiment shows why young bettors prefer smartphones.Journal of behavioral addictions · 2024Article
- Applying the Canadian Low-Risk Gambling Guidelines to Gambling Harm Reduction in England.Journal of gambling studies · 2024Article
- In search of lower risk gambling levels using behavioral data from a gambling monopolist.Journal of behavioral addictions · 2022Article
- The Identification of Low-risk Gambling Limits for Specific Gambling Activities.Journal of gambling studies · 2022Article
- One size does not fit all. Should gambling loss limits be based on income?Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- The identification of Australian low-risk gambling limits: A comparison of gambling-related harm measures.Journal of behavioral addictions · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
This study derived a set of Australian low-risk gambling limits and explored the relative and absolute risk associated with exceeding these limits. Secondary analysis of population-representative Tasmanian and Australian Capital Territory (ACT) cross-sectional (11,597 respondents) and longitudinal studies (2027 respondents) was conducted. Balancing sensitivity and specificity, the limits were: gambling frequency of 20-30 times per year; gambling expenditure of AUD $380-$615 per year (USD $240-$388 per year); gambling expenditure comprising 0.83-1.68% of gross personal income; and two types of gambling activities per year. All limits, except number of activities, predicted subsequent harm, with limits related to gambling expenditure consistently the best-performing. Exceeding the limits generally conferred a higher degree of relative and absolute risk, with gamblers exceeding the limits being 3-20 times more likely to experience harm than those who do not, and having a 5-17% risk of experiencing harm. Only 7-12% of gamblers exceeding the limits actually experienced harm. Gambling consumption lower than the limits also conferred a considerable amount of harm. Using a relative risk method, this study derived similar limits from disparate Australian states and territories. These limits can serve as working guidelines for the consideration of researchers, clinicians, and policy makers, but need to be subject to further rigorous empirical investigation.
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Registered trials
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