ArticlePloS one2021
Sex-related differences in smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Prevalence and associated factors.
Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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6 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Magnitude of Tuberculosis, drug resistance patterns and associated factors among presumptive TB patients at five selected public Hospitals, Somali Region, Eastern Ethiopia. Retrospective cross-sectional study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Effective Reproduction Number of Smear-Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Iran: A Registry-Based Study (2011-2021).Journal of research in health sciences · 2024Article
- Lack of sex- and gender-disaggregated data in diagnostics: findings from a scoping review of five tracer conditions.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Factors Associated with Tuberculosis Mortality in Manjung District, Perak, Malaysia.The Malaysian journal of medical sciences : MJMS · 2023Article
- Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Delayed Sputum Smear Conversion in Malaysian Aborigines with Smear-Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Tuberculosis Treatment Outcome in Patients with TB-HIV Coinfection in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.Journal of tropical medicine · 2021Article
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4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
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Abstract
Smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is more infectious compared to smear-negative PTB and have great significance for epidemiology and infection control. The prevalence of smear-positive PTB rarely affects males and females equally. Hence, we aimed to identify the sex-related differences in the prevalence of smear-positive PTB and its associated factors in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the National Tuberculosis Information System (TBIS) from 1 January, 2015, to 31 December, 2019. The study population was selected using simple random sampling from the list of registered PTB patients in TBIS. The criteria for inclusion were all Malaysian adults aged ≥18 years residing in Kuala Lumpur and registered as PTB in TBIS. Factors associated with smear-positive PTB in male and female patients were determined using multiple logistic regression analysis. Overall prevalence of smear-positive PTB was 68.6%, and male patients predominated (71%). The male:female prevalence ratio of smear-positive PTB was 2.4:1. Male patients who worked as machine operators and elementary workers (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24-4.02, p = 0.007), were self-employed (aOR 2.58, 95% CI 1.46-4.56, p = 0.001), lived in a residence categorized as 'other' (aOR 2.49, 95% CI 1.28-4.86, p = 0.007) and were smokers (aOR 1.37, 95% CI 1.01-1.87, p = 0.045) had higher odds for smear-positive PTB. Meanwhile, female patients with diabetes mellitus had higher odds for smear-positive PTB (aOR 1.92, 95% CI 1.05-3.54, p = 0.035), while female patients who were healthcare workers had lower odds (aOR 0.33, 95% CI 0.12, 0.94, p = 0.039). The prevalence of smear-positive PTB is higher in males compared to females. The factors associated with smear-positive PTB differed based on sex. The current TB control program, especially on smear-positive PTB, should likely be strategized and stratified by sex.
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