ReviewThe AAPS journal2021
γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid: Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Toxicology.
Review in The AAPS journal, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 80 citations in OpenAlex.
- Endogenous Levels, Detection Time, and Symptoms of Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid: Results From a Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology · 2025Trial
- Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and bioequivalence of lower-sodium oxybate in healthy participants in two open-label, randomized, crossover studies.Clinical and translational science · 2021Trial
- Safety signals for drug-related respiratory depression: a disproportionality analysis of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS).Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- Application of Rapid Detection Technology for the Determination of γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid.Biosensors · 2026Review
- [Sociodemographic and clinical data among GHB patients-an observational study].Der Nervenarzt · 2026Observational
- An in-silico study to design CScientific reports · 2026Article
- 4,5-dihydroxyhexanoic acid is a robust circulating and urine marker of mitochondrial disease and its severity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Emergency department presentations, hospitalisations and police seizure data related to gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in New South Wales, Australia, from 2015 to 2024.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- Integrative profiling of gut microbiome, bacteriophagenome, and predicted metabolome in obese adults: novel insights into intervention targets.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- β‑hydroxybutyric acid as a potential therapeutic metabolite for type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- The Space-Time Organisation of Sleep Slow Oscillations as Potential Biomarker for Hypersomnolence.Journal of sleep research · 2025Article
- Biomarkers of Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid (GHB) Exposure: A Comprehensive Review of Analytical and Forensic Advances.Toxics · 2025Review
- Synthetic Drug Use and Limitations of Hospital Drug Screening: A Case of Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate Toxicity.Cureus · 2025Article
- Current knowledge on the pathophysiology of idiopathic hypersomnia and potential mechanisms of action for low-sodium oxybate treatment.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2025Review
- Rapid Analytical Method for Quantification of Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in Hair by UPLC-MS/MS.Drug testing and analysis · 2025Article
- Mental Health and Drug Use Patterns Among Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) Engaging in Chemsex in the UK.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Review
- Understanding the Patient Experience with Twice-Nightly Sodium Oxybate Therapy for Narcolepsy: A Social Listening Experiment.Brain sciences · 2024Article
- Dosing Optimization of Low-Sodium Oxybate in Narcolepsy and Idiopathic Hypersomnia in Adults: Consensus Recommendations.Neurology and therapy · 2024Article
- Emerging roles of lactate in acute and chronic inflammation.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a short-chain fatty acid present endogenously in the brain and used therapeutically for the treatment of narcolepsy, as sodium oxybate, and for alcohol abuse/withdrawal. GHB is better known however as a drug of abuse and is commonly referred to as the "date-rape drug"; current use in popular culture includes recreational "chemsex," due to its properties of euphoria, loss of inhibition, amnesia, and drowsiness. Due to the steep concentration-effect curve for GHB, overdoses occur commonly and symptoms include sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death. GHB binds to both GHB and GABA
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.