Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33415533›Full record

SynthesisNeuropsychology review2021

Cognitive Reserve, Alzheimer's Neuropathology, and Risk of Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Monica E Nelson, Dylan J Jester, Andrew J Petkus, Ross Andel

Registry-linked trialOpen access · bronzeAbstract readMeta-AnalysisSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Neuropsychology review, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05593172 (Different Courses of Change in Connectivity After mTBI Depending on Cognitive Reserve and How This is Related to Symptoms and Symptom Resolution?), which is not on this map. Cited by 112 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
112citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
18.3field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT05593172 completednot on this map

Different Courses of Change in Connectivity After mTBI Depending on Cognitive Reserve and How This is Related to Symptoms and Symptom Resolution?

TypeobservationalSponsorDanderyd HospitalRan2015 to 2016Enrolled30ConditionsMild Traumatic Brain Injury
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

112 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 173 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
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  8. Article
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  13. Cognitive reserve against vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: A scoping review.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026
    Article
  14. Observational
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52 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.

Monica E NelsonSchool of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA. mnelson10@usf.edu.ORCID 0000-0003-0395-5868
Dylan J JesterSchool of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9878-9633
Andrew J PetkusDepartment of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7770-0123
Ross AndelSchool of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-4083-4790
University of South Florida · USCharles University · CZUniversity of Southern California · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Cognitive reserve (CR) may reduce the risk of dementia. We summarized the effect of CR on progression to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia in studies accounting for Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related structural pathology and biomarkers. Literature search was conducted in Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, and PsycINFO. Relevant articles were longitudinal, in English, and investigating MCI or dementia incidence. Meta-analysis was conducted on nine articles, four measuring CR as cognitive residual of neuropathology and five as composite psychosocial proxies (e.g., education). High CR was related to a 47% reduced relative risk of MCI or dementia (pooled-hazard ratio: 0.53 [0.35, 0.81]), with residual-based CR reducing risk by 62% and proxy-based CR by 48%. CR protects against MCI and dementia progression above and beyond the effect of AD-related structural pathology and biomarkers. The finding that proxy-based measures of CR rivaled residual-based measures in terms of effect on dementia incidence underscores the importance of early- and mid-life factors in preventing dementia later.

Indexed as

Alzheimer DiseaseCognitive DysfunctionCognitive ReserveDisease ProgressionHumansAβCognitive reserveCSFDementiaMRITau

Identifiers

PMID33415533
PMCPMC7790730
OpenAlexW3120774141

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.