ReviewJournal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR2021
The immunomodulatory effects of endocrine therapy in breast cancer.
Review in Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 79 citations in OpenAlex.
- CDK4/6 inhibitors as conditional immune-priming agents in breast cancer: therapeutic windows, sequencing strategies, and rational combinations with immunotherapy, radiotherapy, and antibody-drug conjugates.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Dual Role of Tamoxifen in Enhancing STING and CEACAM1 Expression to Prime a Favorable Tumor Microenvironment for Anti-TIM3 Immunotherapy.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- The HIV Reservoir and Immune Landscape Across the Life Course of Women: Implications for Cure Strategies.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Review
- AI-assisted image analysis of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes as a prognostic marker in chemotherapy-naïve luminal breast cancer.NPJ breast cancer · 2026Article
- Unraveling the intricate molecular mechanisms of sex hormones' roles in breast cancer pathogenesis: A review.Medicine · 2026Review
- Striking the right balance with type I interferon signalling in cancer.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2026Review
- Targeting CB1 and TRPM8 receptors to counteract CD8+ T cell exhaustion.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Tumor heterogeneity index from DCE-MRI for AKT-inhibition responder identification and reveals hot immune microenvironment for patients with breast cancer: a multi-omics analysis of I-SPY2 trial.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2026Article
- The Immunoregulatory Roles of ERα in Breast Cancer: Mechanisms, Crosstalk, and Therapeutic Insights.Journal of cancer prevention · 2026Review
- Estrogen receptor signaling drives immune evasion and immunotherapy resistance in HR+ breast cancer.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- ESR1 fusions in breast cancer: functions, mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities.Translational breast cancer research : a journal focusing on translational research in breast cancer · 2026Review
- Robust Association of Breast Cancer Co-morbidity Using Subtype-specific Expressed Genes.Current drug targets · 2026Article
- Tertiary lymphoid structures are associated with lower axillary residual nodal burden in breast cancer patients after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Hypoxia-driven angiogenesis in breast cancer mechanisms and therapeutic targets: a narrative review.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2025Review
- Preliminary Insights into Quality of Life and Dietary Intake in Patients with Breast Cancer on Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy.Cancers · 2025Article
- PARP-1 as a novel target in endocrine-resistant breast cancer.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2025Article
- Oxygen deprivation in breast cancer: mechanisms, pathways, and implications.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2025Review
- Enhancing breast Cancer immunotherapy using gold nanoparticles carrying tumor antigens.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Dynamics of T cell subpopulations and plasma cytokines during the first year of antineoplastic therapy in patients with breast cancer: the BEGYN-1 study.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2025Article
- Cellular interactions within the immune microenvironment underpins resistance to cell cycle inhibition in breast cancers.Nature communications · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Endocrine therapies with SERMs (selective estrogen receptor modulators) or SERDs (selective estrogen receptor downregulators) are standard therapies for patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. Multiple small molecule inhibitors targeting the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway or CDK4/6 have been developed to be used in combination with anti-estrogen drugs to overcome endocrine resistance. In addition to their direct antitumor effects, accumulating evidence has revealed the tumor immune microenvironment (TIM)-modulating effects of these therapeutic strategies, which have not been properly acknowledged previously. The immune microenvironment of breast tumors plays a crucial role in tumor development, metastasis and treatment response to endocrine therapy and immunotherapy. Therefore, in our current work, we comprehensively review the immunomodulatory effect of endocrine therapy and discuss its potential applications in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors in breast cancer treatment.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.