ReviewNutrition & metabolism2021
Milk consumption and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses in humans.
Review in Nutrition & metabolism, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 77 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
77 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- How to Teach Healthy Life-Style Efficiently in a Pediatric Outpatient Setting: Proposal of an Innovative Tridimensional Pyramid.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- Impact of Plant-Based Drinks on Cardiometabolic Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Pooled it
- Association between dairy intake and multiple health outcomes: a scoping review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- 2022 Update on Prostate Cancer Epidemiology and Risk Factors-A Systematic Review.European urology · 2023Pooled it
- Vitamin D and Calcium as Key Potential Factors Related to Colorectal Cancer Prevention and Treatment: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2022Pooled it
- Association between Four Dietary Patterns and the Risk of Periodontal Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Fluid and electrolyte balance following consumption of skimmed milk and a plant-based soya beverage at rest in euhydrated males.European journal of applied physiology · 2024Trial
- Trial
- A review of ultrasonic pasteurization in milk and milk-based beverages using different ultrasound systems and thermal conditions: from mechanistic insights to regulatory challenges.Food science of animal resources · 2026Review
- Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Rapid Prime Diet Quality Score Screener (rPDQS) for Spanish primary care.Atencion primaria · 2026Article
- INFOGEST 2.0 Protocol Applied to Animal-Derived Milk and Dairy Products: A Systematic Review of Six Years of Scientific Effort.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Dairy Consumption and Risk of Cardiometabolic Diseases: A Prospective Cohort Study of the China Kadoorie Biobank.The Journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and virulence gene profiles of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) isolated from raw milk: implications for public health.Folia microbiologica · 2026Article
- Breast Cancer in Relation to Dairy Product Consumption: A Review of Current Findings and Potential Mechanisms.Current nutrition reports · 2026Review
- Depletion of Amoxicillin and Its Major Metabolites in Anatolian Water Buffalo Milk After Intramuscular Administration.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Plant-Based Drinks as an Alternative to Cow's Milk in Early Life: Health Effects in Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence.Deutsches Arzteblatt international · 2026Review
- Extracellular Vesicles from Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells Modulate Lymphocyte and Eosinophil Responses in Cow's Milk Allergy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Cold plasma treatment as a way to sanitize bovine milk while maintaining full nutritional value, stability, toxicological and microbiological safety.Scientific reports · 2026Article
17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In order to recapitulate the best available evidence of milk consumption and multiple health-related outcomes, we performed an umbrella review of meta-analyses and systematic reviews in humans. Totally, 41 meta-analyses with 45 unique health outcomes were included. Milk consumption was more often related to benefits than harm to a sequence of health-related outcomes. Dose-response analyses indicated that an increment of 200 ml (approximately 1 cup) milk intake per day was associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, hypertension, colorectal cancer, metabolic syndrome, obesity and osteoporosis. Beneficial associations were also found for type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease. Conversely, milk intake might be associated with higher risk of prostate cancer, Parkinson's disease, acne and Fe-deficiency anaemia in infancy. Potential allergy or lactose intolerance need for caution. Milk consumption does more good than harm for human health in this umbrella review. Our results support milk consumption as part of a healthy diet. More well-designed randomized controlled trials are warranted.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.