Trial reportJournal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition2021
Essential amino acid-enriched whey enhances post-exercise whole-body protein balance during energy deficit more than iso-nitrogenous whey or a mixed-macronutrient meal: a randomized, crossover study.
Trial report in Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04004715 (Effects of Protein Quality on Post-exercise Skeletal Muscle and Whole-body Protein Kinetics During Negative Energy Balance), which is not on this map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effects of Protein Quality on Post-exercise Skeletal Muscle and Whole-body Protein Kinetics During Negative Energy Balance
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ingestion of diverse protein-rich whole-foods result in similar post exercise whole body and myofibrillar protein synthesis rates compared with a more isolated protein source in young adults.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Trial
- Oral amino acid tracer delivery detects feeding and exercise changes in myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in male adults.Physiological reports · 2026Trial
- Gastric Digestion and Changes in Serum Amino Acid Concentrations after Consumption of Casein from Cow and Goat Milk: A Randomized Crossover Trial in Healthy Males.The Journal of nutrition · 2025Trial
- Consuming Whey Protein with Added Essential Amino Acids, Not Carbohydrate, Maintains Postexercise Anabolism While Underfed.Medicine and science in sports and exercise · 2025Trial
- Meals Containing Equivalent Total Protein from Foods Providing Complete, Complementary, or Incomplete Essential Amino Acid Profiles do not Differentially Affect 24-h Skeletal Muscle Protein Synthesis in Healthy, Middle-Aged Women.The Journal of nutrition · 2024Trial
- Subchronic Tolerance Trials of Graded Oral Supplementation with Phenylalanine or Serine in Healthy Adults.Nutrients · 2021Trial
- Article
- Use of Amino Acids as Supplements for Matching Nutrition, Training, and Rehabilitation-Focusing on Some Questions.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Common questions and misconceptions about protein supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show?Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2024Review
- Reconsidering the pre-eminence of dietary leucine and plasma leucinemia for predicting the stimulation of postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2024Article
- Quantification and interpretation of postprandial whole-body protein metabolism using stable isotope methodology: a narrative review.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Review
- Advances in nutritional metabolic therapy to impede the progression of critical illness.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Review
- Nutritional Supplementation and Exercise as Essential Allies in the Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure: The Metabolic and Molecular Bases.Nutrients · 2023Review
- International society of sports nutrition position stand: tactical athlete nutrition.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2022Article
- Protein and Amino Acid Supplementation in Military Personnel: Accessibility, Prevalence, and Effectiveness.Nutrition todayArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe effects of ingesting varying essential amino acid (EAA)/protein-containing food formats on protein kinetics during energy deficit are undetermined. Therefore, recommendations for EAA/protein food formats necessary to optimize both whole-body protein balance and muscle protein synthesis (MPS) during energy deficit are unknown. We measured protein kinetics after consuming iso-nitrogenous amounts of free-form essential amino acid-enriched whey (EAA + W; 34.7 g protein, 24 g EAA sourced from whey and free-form EAA), whey (WHEY; 34.7 g protein, 18.7 g EAA), or a mixed-macronutrient meal (MEAL; 34.7 g protein, 11.4 g EAA) after exercise during short-term energy deficit.
methodsTen adults (mean ± SD; 21 ± 4 y; 25.7 ± 1.7 kg/m
resultsChange (Δ postabsorptive + exercise to postprandial + recovery [mean treatment difference (95%CI)]) in whole-body (g/180 min) PS was 15.8 (9.8, 21.9; P = 0.001) and 19.4 (14.8, 24.0; P = 0.001) greater for EAA + W than WHEY and MEAL, respectively, with no difference between WHEY and MEAL. ΔPB was - 6.3 (- 11.5, - 1.18; P = 0.02) greater for EAA + W than WHEY and - 7.7 (- 11.9, - 3.6; P = 0.002) greater for MEAL than WHEY, with no difference between EAA + W and MEAL. ΔNET was 22.1 (20.5, 23.8; P = 0.001) and 18.0 (16.5, 19.5; P = 0.00) greater for EAA + W than WHEY and MEAL, respectively, while ΔNET was 4.2 (2.7, 5.6; P = 0.001) greater for MEAL than WHEY. Mixed-MPS did not differ between treatments.
conclusionsWhile mixed-MPS was similar across treatments, combining free-form EAA with whey promotes greater whole-body net protein balance during energy deficit compared to iso-nitrogenous amounts of whey or a mixed-macronutrient meal.
trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier no. NCT04004715 . Retrospectively registered 28 June 2019, first enrollment 6 June 2019.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.