ArticleAnnals of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism2021
Vitamin D insufficiency and its contributing factors in primary school-aged children in Indonesia, a sun-rich country.
Article in Annals of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- The relationship of vitamin D deficiency and childhood diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pediatrics · 2024Pooled it
- Dietary intakes, nutritional and biochemical status of 6 months to 12-year-old children before the COVID-19 pandemic era: the South East Asian Nutrition Survey II Indonesia (SEANUTS II) study in Java and Sumatera Islands, Indonesia.Public health nutrition · 2025Article
- A review of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor polymorphisms in endocrine-related disorders.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2025Article
- Vitamin D status, vitamin D receptor, CYP2R1, and CYP24A1 profiles in children.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Diagnosis and Management of Osteoporosis in Children and Adolescents.Ewha medical journal · 2023Review
- 25OHVitamin D Levels in a Canarian Pediatric Population with and without Type 1 Diabetes: The Role of Acidosis.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Vitamin D Levels in Children During Winter and the Relationship Between Sunscreen and Sun Protection Behaviors.Dermatology practical & conceptual · 2023Article
- Article
- Vitamin D deficiency is a public health emergency among Indonesian children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence.Annals of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism · 2023Article
- The correlation between vitamin D and levels of IFN-γ, NF-κB, thyroid antibodies in down syndrome: study in Indonesian children.Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis · 2022Article
- Probiotics Treatment of Leg Diseases in Broiler Chickens: a Review.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2022Review
- Association of serum vitamin D status with gestational diabetes mellitus and other laboratory parameters in early pregnant women.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2022Article
- Deficiency of Daily Calcium and Vitamin D in Primary School Children in Lviv, Ukraine.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level is associated with obesity and atherogenesis in adolescent boys.Annals of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism · 2022Article
- Commentary on "Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level is associated with obesity and atherogenesis in adolescent boys".Annals of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism · 2022Article
- The correlation between serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D levels and anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG and neutralizing antibody levels among cancer patients receiving COVID-19 vaccines.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeThe prevalence of rickets is increasing worldwide in association with an increase in vitamin D deficiency. This study aimed to investigate the vitamin D profile of healthy school-aged children in a sun-rich country and its contributing factors.
methodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted in 120 healthy children from 7-12 years of age who live in Jakarta, Indonesia. Their demographic status, sun exposure duration time, and lifestyle were recorded using a structured questionnaire. Serum calcium, phosphate, bone-alkaline phosphatase (B-ALP), and 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)2D3) levels were measured. The participants were categorized into vitamin D sufficient and non-vitamin D sufficient groups, and we analyzed variables that contributed to the 25(OH)2D3 level.
resultsOf the participants, 73 (60.8%) were vitamin D sufficient, 45 (37.5%) were vitamin D insufficient, and 2 (1.7%) were vitamin D deficient. Sex, age, body mass index, Fitzpatrick skin type, daily milk intake, and clothing type were not different between the vitamin D sufficient and non-vitamin D sufficient groups. There were no differences in serum calcium, phosphate, and B-ALP between the 2 groups. Sun exposure time was significantly longer in the vitamin D sufficient group compared with that in the non-vitamin D sufficient group (511.4 min/wk vs. 318.7 min/wk, P=0.004), and this effect remained consistent on multivariate analysis after adjustment for covariates (adjusted odds ratio, 1.002; 95% confidence interval, 1.000-1.003). More participants in the vitamin D sufficient group did not use sunscreen (59 vs. 27, P=0.02), but this finding was inconsistent with our multivariate analysis.
conclusionDespite year-round sun exposure, approximately 1 in 3 primary school-aged children had insufficient vitamin D level. Sun exposure duration was a major contributing factor.
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