ArticleInternational journal of epidemiology2021
Protein foods from animal sources, incident cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: a substitution analysis.
Article in International journal of epidemiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cancer Risk and Mortality Following Substitution of Animal Foods with Plant Foods: A Systematic Review.Current nutrition reports · 2025Pooled it
- Reducing meat and/or dairy consumption in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of effects on protein intake, anthropometric values, and body composition.Nutrition reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Substitution of animal-based with plant-based foods on cardiometabolic health and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.BMC medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Egg and Dietary Cholesterol Intake and Risk of All-Cause, Cardiovascular, and Cancer Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- Fatty acid composition of ground-beef products and their plant-based meat substitutes available in Hungary.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Dose-response relationships of dietary quality with mortality stratified by dietary inflammation and their joint associations among cancer survivors: a population-based cohort study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Nut Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Ischemic Heart Disease Mortality: The Adventist Health Study 2.The Journal of nutrition · 2025Article
- Optimal Intake of Animal-Source Foods: A Scoping Review to Inform a New WHO Guideline.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2025Article
- Effect of heat treatment on physicochemical, interfacial, and encapsulation properties of pea and soy protein-based emulsions and their spray-dried powders.Food chemistry: X · 2025Article
- Dietary intake of total, animal, and vegetable protein and cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes: using iso-energetic substitution models.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2025Article
- Partial substitution of red or processed meat with plant-based foods and the risk of cardiovascular disease.European journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Sex Differences in the Relationship Between Nutrient Intake and Mortality Results of the Shika Cohort Study.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Postprandial Aminoacidemia Following the Ingestion of Alternative and Sustainable Proteins in Humans: A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Fast-Food Outlets in Hospitals Affiliated With U.S. Medical Schools.American journal of lifestyle medicine · 2024Article
- Article
- Replacing red and processed meat with lean or fatty fish and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in Norwegian women. The Norwegian Women and Cancer Study (NOWAC): a prospective cohort study.The British journal of nutrition · 2024Article
- Dietary total, plant, and animal protein intake in relation to cardiovascular outcomes and inflammatory factors in elderly men: A cross-sectional study.Food science & nutrition · 2024Article
- Alternative proteins; A path to sustainable diets and environment.Current research in food science · 2024Article
- Eggs and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: An Update of Recent Evidence.Current atherosclerosis reports · 2023Review
- Ginger essential oil and citral ameliorates atherosclerosis in ApoENPJ science of food · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundProtein-rich foods are major parts of the human diet and are highly heterogeneous in nutrient composition and health effects. Designing healthy diets for disease prevention requires careful consideration of substituting unhealthier protein foods with healthier protein foods.
methodsThis was a pooled analysis of six prospective cohort studies of 29 682 US participants. Data were collected in 1985-2016. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 30-year absolute risk differences (ARDs) were calculated for the associations between simultaneous substitution of one or more animal protein foods with other animal or plant protein foods at various amounts, and incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality.
resultsSubstituting eggs, processed meat, unprocessed red meat or poultry with nuts, whole grains, legumes or fish was associated with lower risks of incident CVD and all-cause mortality. According to different substitution amounts (varying from one serving per week to one serving per day) and different numbers of protein foods being simultaneously substituted (varying from one to four), estimates ranged between 1%: HR, 0.99 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.98-1.00], and 54%: HR, 0.46 (0.35-0.60), lower risks on the relative scale and between 0.3%: ARD, -0.29% (-0.48% to -0.05%), and 14.0%: ARD, -13.96% (-17.29% to -9.96%) lower risks on the absolute scale.
conclusionsNuts, whole grains, legumes and fish appeared to be healthier protein sources than eggs, processed meat, unprocessed red meat and poultry for preventing incident CVD and premature death. The magnitude of lower risk for incident CVD and all-cause mortality was driven by amount and number of animal protein foods substituted.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.