ArticleResearch on child and adolescent psychopathology2022
Development and Validation of the Parental Assistance with Child Emotion Regulation (PACER) Questionnaire.
Article in Research on child and adolescent psychopathology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Research Review: Emotion regulation in individuals with intellectual disability - an integrative review.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Review
- Longitudinal profiles of parental self- and child-focused emotion regulation.Communications psychology · 2026Article
- The Polish Version of the Parental Assistance with Child Emotion Regulation (PACER) Questionnaire: Preliminary Psychometric Properties and Links with Parental Burnout, Mental Health Outcomes, and Emotion Beliefs.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Caregiver Assistance with Young Children's Emotion Regulation Strategies: Correspondence Between Global and Momentary Reports.Affective science · 2025Article
- Interpersonal emotion regulation and depressive symptoms in parent-adolescent dyads: A daily-diary investigation.Emotion (Washington, D.C.) · 2025Article
- Leveraging the developmental neuroscience of caregiving to promote resilience among youth exposed to adversity.Development and psychopathology · 2023Article
- Co-Regulation as a Support for Older Youth in the Context of Foster Care: a Scoping Review of the Literature.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2023Article
- How parents assist children's emotion regulation in Turkey: The Turkish adaptation of the parental assistance with child emotion regulation (PACER) questionnaire.Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.) · 2023Article
- Development, validation and psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the biopsychosocial impact scale in orofacial pain patients.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Neurodevelopmental mechanisms linking early experiences and mental health: Translating science to promote well-being among youth.The American psychologist · 2022Article
- Maternal Emotion Regulation and Early Childhood Irritability: The Role of Child Directed Emotion Regulation Strategies.Personality and individual differences · 2022Article
- Article
- Transdiagnostic Implications of Parental Socialization of Child and Adolescent Emotional Development: Commentary and Future Directions.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2022Review
- Introduction to the Special Issue: Transdiagnostic Implications of Parental Socialization of Child and Adolescent Emotions.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2022Review
- Parental Assistance with Emotion Regulation Moderates Link Between COVID-19 Stress and Child Mental Health.Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology : the official journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
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Abstract
Caregivers play a central role in promoting emotion regulation throughout infancy, childhood, and adolescence. However, there are no existing psychometric measures to assess how parents assist children in employing emotion regulation strategies for negative emotions. We therefore developed the Parental Assistance with Child Emotion Regulation (PACER) Questionnaire to assess the degree to which parents assist their children in their use of ten different regulation strategies. In this paper, we describe the development of the PACER and examine its psychometric properties (N = 407 parents of children ages birth to 17 years). In so doing, we also use the PACER to comprehensively explore the links between parent-assisted emotion regulation and indices of parent and child stress, symptomatology, and attachment. Confirmatory factor analyses of the PACER items supported its intended ten-factor structure (corresponding to ten specific regulation strategies), which was invariant across different child age and sex categories. PACER scale scores had excellent internal consistency and generally acceptable test-retest reliability over a one-week period. Convergent validity was established via correlations between PACER scales and indices of parental emotion sensitivity, expressivity, and regulation, as well as parents' perception of the efficacy of their assistance with children's execution of emotion regulatory strategies. Lower parental facilitation of stereotypically adaptive emotion regulatory strategies was associated with higher child internalizing and externalizing problems and with poorer parent-child relationship quality. Overall, these findings suggest that the PACER may be a useful tool for the assessment of parental assistance with child emotion regulation across development.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.