ReviewMetabolic brain disease2021
Thrombin generation and activity in multiple sclerosis.
Review in Metabolic brain disease, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prognostic Biomarker Signature of Relapse in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders in the CIRCLES Observational Study.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Observational
- Astrocytic ET-1 System Determines Microglia Phenotype Following Spinal Cord Injury.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Role of Thrombosis in Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Intricate Mechanism of Neurovascular Complications.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Cytoprotective E-WE thrombin reduces disease severity in a murine model of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.American journal of physiology. Cell physiology · 2024Article
- Pharmacological targeting of coagulation factor XI attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice.Metabolic brain disease · 2023Article
- PARIN5, a Novel Thrombin Receptor Antagonist Modulates a Streptozotocin Mice Model for Diabetic Encephalopathy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Fibrinogen-to-albumin ratio percentage: An independent predictor of disease severity and prognosis in anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Article
- Green-Emitting 4,5-Diaminonaphthalimides in Activity-Based Probes for the Detection of Thrombin.Organic letters · 2022Article
- Parallel imaging of coagulation pathway proteases activated protein C, thrombin, and factor Xa in human plasma.Chemical science · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The coagulation cascade and immune system are intricately linked, highly regulated and respond cooperatively in response to injury and infection. Increasingly, evidence of hyper-coagulation has been associated with autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS). The pathophysiology of MS includes immune cell activation and recruitment to the central nervous system (CNS) where they degrade myelin sheaths, leaving neuronal axons exposed to damaging inflammatory mediators. Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) facilitates the entry of peripheral immune cells. Evidence of thrombin activity has been identified within the CNS of MS patients and studies using animal models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), suggest increased thrombin generation and activity may play a role in the pathogenesis of MS as well as inhibit remyelination processes. Thrombin is a serine protease capable of cleaving multiple substrates, including protease activated receptors (PARs), fibrinogen, and protein C. Cleavage of all three of these substrates represent pathways through which thrombin activity may exert immuno-regulatory effects and regulate permeability of the BBB during MS and EAE. In this review, we summarize evidence that thrombin activity directly, through PARs, and indirectly, through fibrin formation and activation of protein C influences neuro-immune responses associated with MS and EAE pathology.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.