Observational studyInternational journal of clinical pharmacy2021
Trends in the consumption of antibiotics in the Lebanese community between 2004 and 2016.
Observational study in International journal of clinical pharmacy, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Using oral and parenteral formulation of AWaRe antibiotics as a proxy estimate of community and hospital healthcare sector use.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2026Article
- Appropriateness of empiric antibiotic therapy for community-acquired pneumonia: A multicenter cross-sectional study.Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy · 2025Article
- Unraveling the Length of Hospital Stay for Patients with Urinary Tract Infections: Contributing Factors and Microbial Susceptibility.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Understanding and addressing β-lactam resistance mechanisms in gram-negative bacteria in Lebanon: A scoping review.Heliyon · 2025Review
- A Randomized, Prospective and Crossover Study, Comparing the Eradication Rate After 10 Days of Concomitant Therapy to Bismuth Quadruple Therapy Among a Sample of the Lebanese Population.Current therapeutic research, clinical and experimental · 2025Article
- Antibiotic utilization at an orthopedic inpatient department in a large governmental hospital in the north of the West Bank, Palestine; a retrospective observational study.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Observational
- The hidden dangers lurking at home: Unveiling the prevalence of leftover antibiotics and its associated factors among Lebanese households.Public health in practice (Oxford, England) · 2024Article
- Drug-induced hypersensitivity reactions in a Lebanese outpatient population: A decade-long retrospective analysis (2012-2021).The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. Global · 2024Article
- Estimating antibiotics consumption in a tertiary care hospital in Islamabad using a WHO's defined daily dose methodology.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2023Article
- Antibiotic treatments to mothers during the perinatal period leaving hidden trouble on infants.European journal of pediatrics · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background Antibiotic resistance has reached an alarming rate globally especially in middle-income countries such as Lebanon. The development of antibiotic resistance is strongly linked to the increased population's injudicious consumption of antibiotics. Objective This study aims to explore the trends of antibiotics consumption in the Lebanese community, between 2004 and 2016, to inform rational use of antibiotics. Setting The study was performed using the Intercontinental Marketing Statistics (IMS) Health Lebanon database Method This is an observational longitudinal study conducted through a review of the IMS database. The annual antibiotics consumption was determined by the Defined Daily Dose (DDD)/1000 inhabitants/day (DID). The trends of antibiotics consumption were then categorized by antibiotic class and spectrum of activity. Main outcome measure The total consumption of antibiotics in Lebanon and the classes of antibiotics used by the community. Results Total community consumption of antibiotics, measured by DDD/1000 inhabitants/day (DID), significantly increased from 18.71 in 2004 to 31.26 in 2016. Penicillin combinations, quinolones, third-generation cephalosporins, tetracyclines, and carbapenems showed significant uptrends, in contrast to first-generation cephalosporins, sulfonamides and diaminopyrimidines, and beta-lactamase resistant penicillins. Broad-spectrum antibiotics showed a marked increase in their consumption from 11.50 DID in 2004 to 22.51 DID in 2016 whereas intermediate-spectrum antibiotics had only a slight increase in their consumption from 7.18 DID in 2004 to 8.51 DID in 2016, and narrow-spectrum antibiotics had a severe decline in their consumption from 0.006 DID in 2004 to 0.0003 DID in 2016. Conclusion There is an alarming increase in antibiotics consumption in Lebanon, particularly broad-spectrum antibiotics. This should be complemented with evidence on the determinants of antibiotic consumption such as prescriber and patient-related factors and drug promotional activities to minimize antibiotics overuse.
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