Observational studyBMJ open2021
Compress the curve: a cross-sectional study of variations in COVID-19 infections across California nursing homes.
Observational study in BMJ open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of long-term care facility characteristics associated with COVID-19 outcomes.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2021Pooled it
- Demystifying Quality Metrics and Unveiling the True Measure of Quality of Care in Nursing Homes: Mixed Effects Analysis.JMIR human factors · 2026Article
- Measures to Prevent and Control COVID-19 in Skilled Nursing Facilities: A Scoping Review.JAMA health forum · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 outbreak management in nursing homes in Ireland: reflections of COVID-19 response teams from earlier to later waves of the pandemic.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Factors influencing long-term care facility performance during the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review.BMC health services research · 2024Article
- Drivers of COVID-19 Outcomes in Long-Term Care Facilities Using Multi-Level Analysis: A Systematic Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Article
- Stronger Impact of COVID-19 in Nursing Homes of a French Region During the Second Pandemic Wave.Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · 2023Observational
- Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on staff turnover at long-term care facilities: a qualitative study.BMJ open · 2022Article
- COVID-19 in French nursing homes during the second pandemic wave: a mixed-methods cross-sectional study.BMJ open · 2022Article
- Managing the Impact of COVID-19 in Nursing Homes and Long-Term Care Facilities: An Update.Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · 2022Article
- Association between nursing home staff turnover and infection control citations.Health services research · 2022Article
- Nursing Home Design and COVID-19: Implications for Guidelines and Regulation.Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · 2022Article
- Article
- Risk Factors Associated with Nursing Home COVID-19 Outbreaks: A Retrospective Cohort Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Reducing Morbidity and Mortality Rates from COVID-19, Influenza and Pneumococcal Illness in Nursing Homes and Long-Term Care Facilities by Vaccination and Comprehensive Infection Control Interventions.Geriatrics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Nursing Home Residents' COVID-19 Infections in the United States: A Systematic Review of Personal and Contextual Factors.Gerontology & geriatric medicineArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveNursing homes' residents and staff constitute the largest proportion of the fatalities associated with COVID-19 epidemic. Although there is a significant variation in COVID-19 outbreaks among the US nursing homes, we still do not know why such outbreaks are larger and more likely in some nursing homes than others. This research aims to understand why some nursing homes are more susceptible to larger COVID-19 outbreaks.
designObservational study of all nursing homes in the state of California until 1 May 2020.
settingThe state of California.
participants713 long-term care facilities in the state of California that participate in public reporting of COVID-19 infections as of 1 May 2020 and their infections data could be matched with data on ratings and governance features of nursing homes provided by Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
main outcome measureThe number of reported COVID-19 infections among staff and residents.
resultsStudy sample included 713 nursing homes. The size of outbreaks among residents in for-profit nursing homes is 12.7 times larger than their non-profit counterparts (log count=2.54; 95% CI, 1.97 to 3.11; p<0.001). Higher ratings in CMS-reported health inspections are associated with lower number of infections among both staff (log count=-0.19; 95% CI, -0.37 to -0.01; p=0.05) and residents (log count=-0.20; 95% CI, -0.27 to -0.14; p<0.001). Nursing homes with higher discrepancy between their CMS-reported and self-reported ratings have higher number of infections among their staff (log count=0.41; 95% CI, 0.31 to 0.51; p<0.001) and residents (log count=0.13; 95% CI, 0.08 to 0.18; p<0.001).
conclusionsThe size of COVID-19 outbreaks in nursing homes is associated with their ratings and governance features. To prepare for the possible next waves of COVID-19 epidemic, policy makers should use these insights to identify the nursing homes who are more likely to experience large outbreaks.
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