ArticleBMJ open2021
Distribution of vitamin D status in the UK: a cross-sectional analysis of UK Biobank.
Article in BMJ open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 70 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of weight-loss interventions on psoriasis severity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV · 2026Pooled it
- Circannual prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in older and minoritized ethnic adults in Northern Britain: screening outcomes from a clinical trial.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Trial
- Exercise without Weight Loss Prevents Seasonal Decline in Vitamin D Metabolites: The VitaDEx Randomized Controlled Trial.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Trial
- Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Outcomes in People With Early Psychosis: The DFEND Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2021Trial
- Type 2 Diabetes Causally Reduces Circulating Vitamin D Levels: A Multi-Ancestry Mendelian Randomization Study.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Effect of smoking on vitamin D status in the adults of Henan, China: the role of HDL-C and LDL-C.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Associations of ultra-processed food intake with bone mineral density and fractures in the UK Biobank.The British journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Vitamin D in the UK: an urgent call to redefine the threshold for deficiency.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Article
- Nutritional status is linked to muscle strength and perceived function in adults with muscular dystrophy: evidence for targeted nutritional interventions.The British journal of nutrition · 2025Article
- What Is Known About the Fish Intake of People Living in Disadvantaged Communities in the UK? A Scoping Review.Nutrition bulletin · 2025Article
- Every Person Counts in a Fair Transition to Net Zero: A UK Food Lens Towards Safeguarding Against Nutritional Vulnerability.Nutrition bulletin · 2025Article
- Prevalence and correlates of vitamin D deficiency in primary school children of South Asian, White European, Black African and Caribbean and White European origin: a cross-sectional survey (2004-2007) in London, Birmingham and Leicester.The British journal of nutrition · 2025Article
- Vitamin D, muscle strength and function in South Asian women aged ≥ 60 years living in the North of England: a cross-sectional observational study.European journal of nutrition · 2025Observational
- Comparative Analysis of a Rapid Quantitative Immunoassay to the Reference Methodology for the Measurement of Blood Vitamin D Levels.Methods and protocols · 2025Article
- Associations of Serum Testosterone and SHBG With Incident Fractures in Middle-aged to Older Men.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Article
- Dietary Patterns and Nutrient Intake in Pregnancy and Lactation.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Exploring Interaction between Genetically Predicted Body Mass Index and Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels on the Odds for Psoriasis in UK Biobank and the HUNT Study: A Factorial Mendelian Randomization Study.JID innovations : skin science from molecules to population health · 2025Article
- Modulation of adipose inflammation and mitochondrial pathways by a yeast-derivedFrontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Association between socioeconomic deprivation and bone health status in the UK biobank cohort participants.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveNo recent large studies have described the distribution of vitamin D status in the UK. Understanding the epidemiology of vitamin D deficiency is important to inform targeted public health recommendations. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of factors associated with serum vitamin D status in a large national cohort.
designA cross-sectional study.
settingThe UK Biobank, a prospective cohort study following the health and well-being of middle-aged and older adults recruited between 2006 and 2010.
participantsA total of 449 943 participants aged 40-69 years with measured serum vitamin D status were eligible for the analysis. Participants completed a questionnaire about sex, age, ethnic background, vitamin D supplementation, smoking, drinking and socioeconomic status. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: We investigated the distribution of serum vitamin D status and the association between demographic factors and vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level <25 nmol/L. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association between demographic factors and vitamin D status.
resultsAsian (n=4297/8000, 53.7%) and black (n=2459/7046, 34.9%) participants had a higher proportion of vitamin D deficiency than white participants (n=50 920/422 907, 12%). During spring and winter, the proportion of vitamin D deficiency was higher across the UK and higher in the north than in the south. Male sex, abnormal body mass index, non-white ethnic backgrounds, smoking and being more socioeconomically deprived were associated with higher odds of vitamin D deficiency. Increasing age, taking vitamin D supplements and drinking alcohol were associated with lower odds of deficiency.
conclusionsVitamin D status varied among different ethnic groups and by season and geographical area within the UK. Taking supplements was associated with a lower risk of vitamin D deficiency. These findings support the vitamin D supplementation recommendations of Public Health England.
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Registered trials
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