ArticleGenome research2021
A new emu genome illuminates the evolution of genome configuration and nuclear architecture of avian chromosomes.
Article in Genome research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
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40 citing papers in PubMed, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Evolution of chromosomes and nuclear architectures of amniotes.Nature communications · 2025Article
- The complete genome of a songbird.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
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- Transposable elements shape the landscape of heterozygous structural variation in a bird genome.Zoological research · 2025Article
- A near-complete genome assembly of the bearded dragon Pogona vitticeps provides insights into the origin of Pogona sex chromosomes.GigaScience · 2025Article
- Insights into avian molecular cytogenetics-with reptilian comparisons.Molecular cytogenetics · 2024Review
- De novo genome assemblies of two cryptodiran turtles with ZZ/ZW and XX/XY sex chromosomes provide insights into patterns of genome reshuffling and uncover novel 3D genome folding in amniotes.Genome research · 2024Article
- Article
- Comparative genomics illuminates karyotype and sex chromosome evolution of sharks.Cell genomics · 2024Article
- Sex chromosome cycle as a mechanism of stable sex determination.Journal of biochemistry · 2024Review
- A nuclear genome assembly of an extinct flightless bird, the little bush moa.Science advances · 2024Article
- Evolution of bird sex chromosomes: a cytogenomic approach in Palaeognathae species.BMC ecology and evolution · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 8 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Emu and other ratites are more informative than any other birds in reconstructing the evolution of the ancestral avian or vertebrate karyotype because of their much slower rate of genome evolution. Here, we generated a new chromosome-level genome assembly of a female emu, and estimated the tempo of chromosome evolution across major avian phylogenetic branches, by comparing it to chromosome-level genome assemblies of 11 other bird and one turtle species. We found ratites exhibited the lowest numbers of intra- and inter-chromosomal changes among birds since their divergence with turtles. The small-sized and gene-rich emu microchromosomes have frequent inter-chromosomal contacts that are associated with housekeeping genes, which appears to be driven by clustering their centromeres in the nuclear interior, away from the macrochromosomes in the nuclear periphery. Unlike nonratite birds, only less than one-third of the emu W Chromosome regions have lost homologous recombination and diverged between the sexes. The emu W is demarcated into a highly heterochromatic region (WS0) and another recently evolved region (WS1) with only moderate sequence divergence with the Z Chromosome. WS1 has expanded its inactive chromatin compartment, increased chromatin contacts within the region, and decreased contacts with the nearby regions, possibly influenced by the spreading of heterochromatin from WS0. These patterns suggest that alteration of chromatin conformation comprises an important early step of sex chromosome evolution. Overall, our results provide novel insights into the evolution of avian genome structure and sex chromosomes in three-dimensional space.
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