ArticleAntimicrobial resistance and infection control2021
Economic burden of antibiotic resistance in China: a national level estimate for inpatients.
Article in Antimicrobial resistance and infection control, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 48 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 101 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Economics of Antibiotic Resistance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Based on Global Research.Applied health economics and health policy · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Metal nanoparticles as next-generation therapeutics against antimicrobial resistance: mechanisms, functionalization, and translational potential.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Efficacy and safety of intravenous combined with aerosolized colistimethate sodium for carbapenem-resistant organism-induced pneumonia: a retrospective study.Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials · 2026Observational
- Combating Antibacterial Resistance: The Integrative Role of Artificial Intelligence in Bio-Based Product Development.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Societal Economic Burden of Antibiotic Resistance in Uganda: A Cost of Illness Study.PharmacoEconomics - open · 2026Article
- Association between MDROs colonization and subsequent infections in ICU patients: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Clinical Distribution Characteristics and Antimicrobial Resistance Trends ofInfection and drug resistance · 2026Article
- Phage Therapy forAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Existing Evidence from Economic Evaluations of Antimicrobial Resistance-A Systematic Literature Review.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Phage Therapy as a Novel Alternative to Antibiotics Through Adaptive Evolution and Fitness Trade-Offs.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Tracking Antimicrobial Resistant Organisms Timely: a workflow validation study for successive core-genome SNP-based nosocomial transmission analysis.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2025Article
- Prediction Methods for Antimicrobial Resistance Trends in China.Indian journal of microbiology · 2025Article
- Tailored phenyl ureas eradicate drug-resistantChemical science · 2025Article
- Trends of antibiotic use for acute upper respiratory infections in Chinese emergency departments and the impact of COVID-19: a cross-sectional study.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2025Article
- Controllable Fabrication of ZnO Nanorod Arrays on the Surface of Titanium Material and Their Antibacterial and Anti-Adhesion Properties.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The effect of high lateral position on antibiotic exposure duration in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a retrospective observational cohort study.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Distribution Features and Antimicrobial Resistance Trends of Clinical Pathogens: A Retrospective Study in a Tertiary Teaching Hospital in East China (2020-2024).Infection and drug resistance · 2025Article
- Role of phage therapy in acute gastroenteritis.Journal of research in medical sciences : the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
6 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAntibiotic resistance (AR) threats public health in China. National-level estimation of economic burden of AR is lacking. We aimed to quantify the economic costs of AR in inpatients in China.
methodsWe performed a multicentre and retrospective cohort study including 15,990 patient episodes at four tertiary hospitals in China from 2013 to 2015 to assess the impact of AR on hospital mortality, length of stay, and costs. We estimated the societal economic burden of AR using findings from the cohort study and secondary data from national surveillance hubs and statistical reports.
resultsPatients with multi-drug resistant (MDR) infection or colonisation caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii experienced higher individual patient cost ($3391, 95% uncertainty interval (UI) $3188-3594), longer hospital stay (5.48 days, 95% UI 5.10-5.87 days), and higher in-hospital mortality rates (1.50%, 95% UI 1.29-1.70%). In China, 27.45% of bacterial infection or colonisation that occurred in inpatients were resistant, of which 15.77% were MDR. A societal economic burden attributed to AR was estimated to be $77 billion in 2017, which is equivalent to 0.37% of China's yearly gross domestic product, with $57 billion associated with MDR.
conclusionsThis is the first study to estimate national-level economic burden of AR in China. AR places a significant burden on patient health and healthcare systems. Estimation of economic costs of resistant infection or colonisation is the essential step towards building an economic case for global and national actions to combat AMR.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.