ArticleInternational journal for equity in health2021
Willingness to pay for private health insurance among workers with mandatory social health insurance in Mongolia.
Article in International journal for equity in health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Willingness to pay for social health insurance in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- What drives patients' preferences for cancer care in South Korea's capital area? A study on preferences concerning cancer care facilities.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Catastrophic health expenditure and commercial health insurance purchase: evidence from China.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Potential demand for National Health Insurance in Zimbabwe: Evidence from selected urban informal sector clusters in Harare.PloS one · 2023Article
- Factors Associated with Willingness to Pay for Cost-Sharing under Universal Health Coverage Scheme in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Survey.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Successes and obstacles in implementing social health insurance in developing and middle-income countries: A scoping review of 5-year recent literatures.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- Determinants of patients' satisfaction and trust toward healthcare service environment in general practice clinics.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHigh out-of-pocket health expenditure is a common problem in developing countries. The employed population, rather than the general population, can be considered the main contributor to healthcare financing in many developing countries. We investigated the feasibility of a parallel private health insurance package for the working population in Ulaanbaatar as a means toward universal health coverage in Mongolia.
methodsThis cross-sectional study used a purposive sampling method to collect primary data from workers in public and primary sectors in Ulaanbaatar. Willingness to pay (WTP) was evaluated using a contingent valuation method and a double-bounded dichotomous choice elicitation questionnaire. A final sample of 1657 workers was analyzed. Perceptions of current social health insurance were evaluated. To analyze WTP, we performed a 2-part model and computed the full marginal effects using both intensive and extensive margins. Disparities in WTP stratified by industry and gender were analyzed.
resultsOnly < 40% of the participants were satisfied with the current mandatory social health insurance in Mongolia. Low quality of service was a major source of dissatisfaction. The predicted WTP for the parallel private health insurance for men and women was Mongolian Tugrik (₮)16,369 (p < 0.001) and ₮16,661 (p < 0.001), respectively, accounting for approximately 2.4% of the median or 1.7% of the average salary in the country. The highest predicted WTP was found for workers from the education industry (₮22,675, SE = 3346). Income and past or current medical expenditures were significantly associated with WTP.
conclusionTo reduce out-of-pocket health expenditure among the working population in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, supplementary parallel health insurance is feasible given the predicted WTP. However, given high variations among different industries and sectors, different incentives may be required for participation.
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