Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33407188›Full record

ArticleBMC infectious diseases2021

Public health impact and cost effectiveness of routine and catch-up vaccination of girls and women with a nine-valent HPV vaccine in Japan: a model-based study.

Palmer Cody, Keisuke Tobe, Machiko Abe, Elamin H Elbasha

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
28citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
4.1field-weighted citation impact, top 5% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 48 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
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  10. The effects of human papillomavirus vaccination in Japan.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025
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  15. Cost-effectiveness analysis of 9-valent human papillomavirus vaccine combined with screening for cervical cancer in Japan.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2025
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  20. Observational
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.

Palmer CodyMerck &Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA. cody.palmer@merck.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9060-5999
Keisuke TobeMSD.K.K., Tokyo, Japan.
Machiko AbeMSD.K.K., Tokyo, Japan.
Elamin H ElbashaMerck &Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA.
Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (United States) · USMSD K.K. (Japan) · JP

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundCombined with cancer screening programs, vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) can significantly reduce the high health and economic burden of HPV-related disease in Japan. The objective of this study was to assess the health impact and cost effectiveness of routine and catch-up vaccination of girls and women aged 11-26 years with a 4-valent (4vHPV) or 9-valent HPV (9vHPV) vaccine in Japan compared with no vaccination.

methodsWe used a mathematical model adapted to the population and healthcare settings in Japan. We compared no vaccination and routine vaccination of 12-16-year old girls with 1) 4vHPV vaccine, 2) 9vHPV vaccine, and 3) 9vHPV vaccine in addition to a temporary catch-up vaccination of 17-26 years old girls and women with 9vHPV. We estimated the expected number of disease cases and deaths, discounted (at 2% per year) future costs (in 2020 ¥) and discounted quality-adjusted life years (QALY), and incremental cost effectiveness ratios (ICER) of each strategy over a time horizon of 100 years. To test the robustness of the conclusions, we conducted scenario and sensitivity analyses.

resultsOver 100 years, compared with no vaccination, 9vHPV vaccination was projected to reduce the incidence of 9vHPV-related cervical cancer by 86% (from 15.24 new cases per 100,000 women in 2021 to 2.02 in 2121). A greater number of cervical cancer cases (484,248) and cancer-related deaths (50,102) were avoided through the described catch-up vaccination program. Routine HPV vaccination with 4vHPV or 9vHPV vaccine prevented 5,521,000 cases of anogenital warts among women and men. Around 23,520 and 21,400 diagnosed non-cervical cancers are prevented by catch-up vaccination among women and men, respectively. Compared with no vaccination, the ICER of 4vHPV vaccination was ¥975,364/QALY. Compared to 4vHPV, 9vHPV + Catch-up had an ICER of ¥1,534,493/QALY.

conclusionsA vaccination program with a 9-valent vaccine targeting 12 to 16 year-old girls together with a temporary catchup program will avert significant numbers of cases of HPV-related diseases among both men and women. Furthermore, such a program was the most cost effective among the vaccination strategies we considered, with an ICER well below a threshold of ¥5000,000/QALY.

Indexed as

Public HealthAdolescentAdultAgedAged, 80 and overAlphapapillomavirusChildChild, PreschoolCost-Benefit AnalysisFemaleHuman Papillomavirus Recombinant Vaccine Quadrivalent, Types 6, 11, 16, 18HumansImmunization ProgramsIncidenceInfantJapanHuman Papillomavirus Recombinant Vaccine Quadrivalent, Types 6, 11, 16, 18AnalAnd oropharyngeal cancerCervicalCondylomata acuminateCost effectiveness analysisDisease transmission modelsEpidemiologyGenital wartsHerd protection/immunityHuman papillomavirusIntraepithelial neoplasiaJapanOral cavityRecurrent respiratory papillomatosesVaccinesVaginalVulvar

Identifiers

PMID33407188
PMCPMC7789539
OpenAlexW3120841894

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.