ArticleMaternal & child nutrition2021
Monitoring breastfeeding indicators in high-income countries: Levels, trends and challenges.
Article in Maternal & child nutrition, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The Effectiveness of Parent-Targeted Digital Health Interventions on Breastfeeding Practices: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Pooled it
- Mobile applications for promoting and supporting breastfeeding: Systematic review and meta-analysis.Maternal & child nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review of migrant women's experiences of successful exclusive breastfeeding in high-income countries.Maternal & child nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- Article
- Antidepressants and breastfeeding behaviors: a systematic review.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Review
- Measurement Properties and Quality of Maternal Breastfeeding Instruments: A Scoping Review.Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association · 2026Article
- Joint Effects of Prenatal Antibiotics, Mode of Birth and Breastfeeding Duration on Childhood Infections: The Norwegian MoBa Cohort Study.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2026Article
- Breastfeeding at discharge or transfer from the maternity hospital: results from the German Perinatal Statistics 2021.International breastfeeding journal · 2026Article
- A Pilot mHealth Text Messaging Program Targeting Parents During the First 2000 Days: Nonrandomized Repeat Cross-Sectional Analysis to Evaluate Feasibility, Engagement, Acceptability, and Potential Effectiveness.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2026Article
- The hospital policy on breastfeeding project to promote breastfeeding in Italy: not so ambitious, still effective.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- Breastfeeding among contemporary Australian populations and 2025 national targets: a scoping review of current data and implications for policy and practice.International breastfeeding journal · 2026Article
- Association of early initiation of breastfeeding on postpartum depression-multi-centric longitudinal cohort study in Nepal.Frontiers in global women's health · 2026Article
- Article
- Breastfeeding Promotion in Maternity Wards From a Socioeconomic View.Food science & nutrition · 2025Article
- Economic and environmental impacts of commercial milk formula in Indonesia: estimates and comparisons using the Cost of Not Breastfeeding, Green Feeding, and Mothers' Milk Tools.International breastfeeding journal · 2025Article
- Identifying Factors Associated With Breastfeeding Length Among Filipino Migrant Women in South Korea.Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association · 2025Article
- Development and results of the German National Strategy for the Promotion of Breastfeeding: a participatory process.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Decadal trends in the exclusive breastfeeding practices among working Indian mothers: a multi-level analysis.International breastfeeding journal · 2024Article
- Association between breastfeeding-friendly environmental factors and breastfeeding practices at 6 months in mothers in Taiwan.International breastfeeding journal · 2024Article
- Promotion of breastfeeding in Italian Maternity Hospitals: a pre-intervention study.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Monitoring indicators of breastfeeding practices is important to protect and evaluate the progress of breastfeeding promotion efforts. However, high-income countries lack standardized methodology to monitor their indicators. We aimed to update and summarize nationally representative annual estimates of breastfeeding indicators in high-income countries and to describe methodological issues pertaining to the data sources used. A review was conducted through population-based surveys with nationally representative samples or health reports from nationally representative administrative data of electronic surveys or medical records. Methodological aspects and rates of all breastfeeding indicators available were summarized by country. The median and annual growth of breastfeeding in percentage points within countries with time-series data were estimated. Data from 51 out of 82 high-income countries were identified. The data were obtained through surveys (n = 32) or administrative data (n = 19). Seventy-one percent of countries have updated their indicators since 2015. Ever breastfed was the indicator most frequently reported (n = 46), with a median of 91%. By 6 months of age, the median equals 18% for exclusive and 45% for any breastfeeding. At 12 months, the median of continued breastfeeding decreased to 29%. The annual growth rate for ever breastfed, exclusive and any breastfeeding at 6 months and continued at 12 months varied from 1.5 to -2.0, 3.5 to -3.1, 5.0 to -1.0 and 5.0 to -1.9, respectively, with positive changes for most countries. Stronger interventions are needed to promote breastfeeding in high-income countries as a whole, and investments are required to monitor trends with standardized methodologies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.