ReviewJournal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology2021
Is COVID-19 Gender-sensitive?
Review in Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 102 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
102 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Effect of continuing the use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on mortality in patients hospitalized for coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Pooled it
- A composite ranking of risk factors for COVID-19 time-to-event data from a Turkish cohort.Computational biology and chemistry · 2022Pooled it
- Efficacy of an Electronic Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Program Delivered via the Online Psychotherapy Tool for Depression and Anxiety Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Pre-Post Pilot Study.JMIR mental health · 2023Trial
- Sex differences in excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal ecological analysis of 34 high-income countries.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- Association between dental plaque index and COVID-19 severity: a cross-sectional study in a conflict-affected humanitarian setting.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Article
- Age and gender patterns in COVID-19: Insights from a Regional COVID-19 testing center.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2025Article
- Article
- Decrease in CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes are predictors of severe clinical picture and unfavorable outcome of the disease in patients with COVID-19.Open medicine (Warsaw, Poland) · 2025Article
- Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Illness in Patients With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.HCA healthcare journal of medicine · 2025Article
- Investigating the relationship between cycle threshold of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR, clinical features, and laboratory data in hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Semnan, Iran.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Sex differences in the association between preexisting comorbidities and COVID-19-related symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Dominican Republic.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Electronic health records reveal that COVID-19 impacted health resources and survival of Basque population.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2024Article
- Prolactin Role in COVID-19 and Its Association with the Underlying Inflammatory Response.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Coronavirus envelope protein activates TMED10-mediated unconventional secretion of inflammatory factors.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Disparities in age and gender-specific SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic testing trends: a retrospective study from Pakistan.BMC public health · 2024Article
- The Protection Level of S-RBD SARS-CoV-2 Immunoglobulin G Antibodies Using the Chemiluminescent Immunoassay Compared to the Surrogate Virus Neutralization Test Method.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Age, gender and household infrastructural inequality in COVID-19: Contextual analysis of Mamelodi.South African family practice : official journal of the South African Academy of Family Practice/Primary Care · 2024Article
- A Machine Learning-Based Web Tool for the Severity Prediction of COVID-19.Biotech (Basel (Switzerland)) · 2024Article
- Shift in SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern from Delta to Omicron was associated with reduced hospitalizations, increased risk of breakthrough infections but lesser disease severity.Journal of infection and public health · 2024Article
42 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
While clinical characteristics exhibit that susceptibility to COVID-19 infection is equally likely between males and females, clinical outcomes show that males experience both a higher severity and fatality for COVID-19 infection than females. This review examines the evidence for these sex and gender differences and aims to illustrate possible mechanisms behind such sensitivity. Successful entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the body is dependent on the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and the transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). Thus, sex-based differences in the expression of the ACE2 receptor and TMPRSS2 may explain the disparities in COVID-19 severity and fatality. Furthermore, these disparities may also be attributed to sex-based difference in immunological responses. Finally, the differences in clinical outcomes of COVID-19 infections between men and women may be due to gendered differences in behaviors, such as smoking, and prevalence to comorbidities. An understanding of the sex and gender sensitivities of COVID-19 infection is a necessary component towards the creation of effective treatment options and therapies for the virus. Graphical abstract.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.