ArticleResearch on child and adolescent psychopathology2021
Childhood Cognitive Flexibility and Externalizing and Internalizing Behavior Problems: Examination of Prospective Bidirectional Associations.
Article in Research on child and adolescent psychopathology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Positive Parenting and Early Childhood Cognition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Clinical child and family psychology review · 2023Pooled it
- Working memory and daily internalizing problems: Pubertal timing moderates adult relations.Journal of affective disorders · 2026Article
- Unseen struggles: a narrative review of psychosocial and family outcomes following pediatric stroke.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Review
- Examining the association between cognitive ability and emotional problems across childhood using a genetically informative design: could there be a causal relationship?Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2025Article
- Emotion regulation dynamics in empathy in young children.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Developmental cascades linking executive functions with internalizing and externalizing problems in early childhood through early adolescence.Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- Early predictors of late childhood behavioural outcomes following very preterm birth.Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- Executive Functions and Social-Emotional Problems in Toddlerhood: Nature, Persistence, and Direction of Associations.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2024Article
- The Development of Cognitive Control in Preschoolers and Kindergarteners: The Case of Post-Error Slowing and Delayed Disinhibition.Journal of Intelligence · 2024Article
- Article
- Preschoolers' cognitive flexibility and emotion understanding: a developmental perspective.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- Social interpretation inflexibility moderates emotional reactions to social situations in children and adolescents.Development and psychopathology · 2023Article
- Trajectories of cognitive flexibility through kindergarten and first grade: Implications for externalizing and internalizing behavior problems in the second grade.Developmental psychology · 2023Article
- The Structure of Cognitive Abilities and Associations with Problem Behaviors in Early Adolescence: An Analysis of Baseline Data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.Journal of Intelligence · 2023Article
- Mediating and moderating effects of cognitive flexibility in the relationship between social media addiction and phubbing.Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.) · 2023Article
- Socioeconomic status, internalizing and externalizing behaviors, and executive function in adolescence: A longitudinal study with multiple informants.Psychiatry research · 2022Article
- Procedural Learning through Action Observation: Preliminary Evidence from Virtual Gardening Activity in Intellectual Disability.Brain sciences · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The goal of this study was to examine reciprocal associations between cognitive flexibility and externalizing and internalizing behavior problems longitudinally using data on four occasions from kindergarten through first grade and test for potential gender differences in these associations. The Dimensional Change Card Sort task was used to assess children's cognitive flexibility as a measure of executive function. Participants were 12,462 kindergarteners (49% female) from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS-K: 2011). Results from multivariate latent curve models with structured residuals revealed that children's cognitive flexibility at the beginning of kindergarten was not associated with their growth in either externalizing (r = -0.01, p = .174), or internalizing (r = -0.03, p = .403) problems between kindergarten and the end of first grade. However, after controlling for individual differences in growth, cognitive flexibility at each assessment directly contributed to subsequent lower levels of internalizing (but not externalizing) behavior problems at the next assessment (b = -0.004, p = 0.013; β = -0.03), suggesting that children who are more flexible in switching from one activity to another may be less prone to developing internalizing problems. At kindergarten entry boys had lower levels of cognitive flexibility (b = -0.31, p < .001, β = -.12) and higher levels of externalizing (b = 0.25, p < .001, β = .23), and internalizing problems(b = 0.04, p = 001, β = .05) compared to girls, but did not differ from girls in their rates of change in cognitive flexibility and externalizing or internalizing behavior problems.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.