Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33403848›Full record

ArticleJournal of chemical theory and computation2021

Accelerating AutoDock4 with GPUs and Gradient-Based Local Search.

Diogo Santos-Martins, Leonardo Solis-Vasquez, Andreas F Tillack, Michel F Sanner, Andreas Koch, Stefano Forli

Open access · greenAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of chemical theory and computation, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 180 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
180citing papers in PubMed
35.0field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

180 citing papers in PubMed, 359 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Automated pharmacophore hypothesis generator for SILCS-Pharm: ph4gen.Journal of computer-aided molecular design · 2026
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  9. AI-Enforced Ultra-Large Virtual Screening Discovers Potent CD28 Binders.Journal of chemical information and modeling · 2026
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  12. Benchmarking Docking Protocols on Predicting Alternative Binding Modes.Journal of chemical information and modeling · 2026
    Article
  13. Article
  14. Cytotoxic Activity ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026
    Article
  15. Article
  16. Review
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  19. Article
  20. DNA-Binding Properties of Iridium(III) Complexes Encompassing Design, Function and Biophysical Assessments.Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry · 2026
    Review

120 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.

Diogo Santos-MartinsDepartment of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States.
Leonardo Solis-VasquezEmbedded Systems and Applications Group, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt D-64289, Germany.
Andreas F TillackDepartment of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1832-3030
Michel F SannerDepartment of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9342-327X
Andreas KochEmbedded Systems and Applications Group, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt D-64289, Germany.
Stefano ForliDepartment of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5964-7111
Scripps Research Institute · USTechnische Universität Darmstadt · DE

Funding

AutoDock Suite: Next Generation Environment for Drug DesignR01GM069832 · NIGMS · SCRIPPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE, THE · PI FORLI, STEFANO · 2004 to 2025
$10.9M
NIGMS NIH HHS R01 GM069832
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

AutoDock4 is a widely used program for docking small molecules to macromolecular targets. It describes ligand-receptor interactions using a physics-inspired scoring function that has been proven useful in a variety of drug discovery projects. However, compared to more modern and recent software, AutoDock4 has longer execution times, limiting its applicability to large scale dockings. To address this problem, we describe an OpenCL implementation of AutoDock4, called AutoDock-GPU, that leverages the highly parallel architecture of GPU hardware to reduce docking runtime by up to 350-fold with respect to a single-threaded process. Moreover, we introduce the gradient-based local search method ADADELTA, as well as an improved version of the Solis-Wets random optimizer from AutoDock4. These efficient local search algorithms significantly reduce the number of calls to the scoring function that are needed to produce good results. The improvements reported here, both in terms of docking throughput and search efficiency, facilitate the use of the AutoDock4 scoring function in large scale virtual screening.

Identifiers

PMID33403848
PMCPMC8063785
OpenAlexW3120361527

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
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Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.