ArticleInternational journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases2021
B cell depletion and signs of sepsis-acquired immunodeficiency in bone marrow and spleen of COVID-19 deceased.
Article in International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immune cell disorder in viral pneumonia.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus dysregulates hematopoiesis and induces inflammaging of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2025Article
- eIF3a function in immunity and protection against severe sepsis by regulating B cell quantity and function through mActa pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2025Article
- Lymphocyte loss and plasmacytosis are associated with IL-6- and TNF-producing cells in the spleens of fatal COVID-19 cases.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Causal associations between severe COVID-19 and diseases of seven organs: a proteome-wide mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in genetics · 2024Article
- Identification and Analysis of PANoptosis-Related Genes in Sepsis-Induced Lung Injury by Bioinformatics and Experimental Verification.Journal of inflammation research · 2024Article
- Distinct tissue niches direct lung immunopathology via CCL18 and CCL21 in severe COVID-19.Nature communications · 2023Article
- A mini-review on the impact of COVID 19 on vital organs.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2021Review
- Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, the Immunological Key Words of Severe COVID-19. Is There a Role for Stem Cell Transplantation?Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2021Review
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesIn coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the adaptive immune response is of considerable importance, and detailed cellular immune reactions in the hematological system of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are yet to be clarified.
methodsThis study reports the morphological characterization of both bone marrow and spleen in 11 COVID-19 decedents with respect to findings in the peripheral blood and pulmonary SARS-CoV-2 burden.
resultsIn the bone marrow, activation and left shift were found in at least 55% of patients, which was mirrored by peripheral anaemia, granulocytic immaturity and multiple thromboembolic events. Signs of sepsis-acquired immunodeficiency were found in the setting of an abscess-forming superinfection of viral COVID-19 pneumonia. Furthermore, a severe B cell loss was observed in the bone marrow and/or spleen in 64% of COVID-19 patients. This was reflected by lymphocytopenia in the peripheral blood. As compared to B cell preservation, B cell loss was associated with a higher pulmonary SARS-CoV-2 burden and only a marginal decrease of of T cell counts.
conclusionsThe results of this study suggest the presence of sepsis-related immunodeficiency in severe COVID-19 pneumonia with superinfection. Furthermore, our findings indicate that lymphocytopenia in COVID-19 is accompanied by B cell depletion in hematopoietic tissue, which might impede the durability of the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2.
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