ArticleJCI insight2021
STING activation in alveolar macrophages and group 2 innate lymphoid cells suppresses IL-33-driven type 2 immunopathology.
Article in JCI insight, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- cGAS-STING signaling in aging and age-related diseases: therapeutic promise and precaution.Archives of pharmacal research · 2026Review
- MyD88 mediates allergic airway inflammation by regulating ILC2s function through inducing the formation of P38/GATA3 complex.Respiratory research · 2026Article
- OTUD6A in Airway Epithelial Cells Exacerbates Allergic Asthma by Promoting Airway Inflammation and Airway Remodeling Through Deubiquitination of hResistin/mRELMα.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Innate immune circuits in acute lung injury: macrophage plasticity, ILC crosstalk, and tissue repair failure.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The cGAS-STING pathway in pulmonary infectious and sterile inflammation: differences, connections, and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- PVC Nanoplastics Exposure Exacerbates Asthma through R-Loop Accumulation and Subsequent STING Activation in Macrophages.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- STING-dependent induction of neutrophilic asthma exacerbation in response to house dust mite.Allergy · 2025Article
- Study on the Mechanism of Artesunate in Modulating AR Epithelial Injury and Th2-Type Inflammatory Status.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Article
- Group 2 innate lymphoid cells suppress neuroinflammation and brain injury following intracerebral hemorrhage.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2024Article
- Cullin5 drives experimental asthma exacerbations by modulating alveolar macrophage antiviral immunity.Nature communications · 2024Article
- The preprogrammed anti-inflammatory phenotypes of CD11cJournal of translational medicine · 2023Article
- Both Horatio and Polonius: Innate Lymphoid Cells in Tissue Homeostasis and Repair.ImmunoHorizons · 2023Article
- Interferons as negative regulators of ILC2s in allergic lung inflammation and respiratory viral infections.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2023Review
- Macrophages Orchestrate Airway Inflammation, Remodeling, and Resolution in Asthma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- IL-33/ST2 antagonizes STING signal transduction via autophagy in response to acetaminophen-mediated toxicological immunity.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2023Article
- Bacterial DNA amplifies neutrophilic inflammation in IL-17-exposed airways.ERJ open research · 2023Article
- STING Targeting in Lung Diseases.Cells · 2022Review
- Nanotechnologies in Delivery of DNA and mRNA Vaccines to the Nasal and Pulmonary Mucosa.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- NETs decorated with bioactive IL-33 infiltrate inflamed tissues and induce IFN-α production in patients with SLE.JCI insight · 2021Article
- Crucial role of stimulator of interferon genes-dependent signaling in house dust mite extract-induced IgE production.Scientific reports · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
2'3'-cGAMP is known as a nonclassical second messenger and small immune modulator that possesses potent antitumor and antiviral activities via inducing the stimulator of IFN genes-mediated (STING-mediated) signaling pathway. However, its function in regulating type 2 immune responses remains unknown. Therefore, we sought to determine a role of STING activation by 2'3'-cGAMP in type 2 inflammatory reactions in multiple mouse models of eosinophilic asthma. We discovered that 2'3'-cGAMP administration strongly attenuated type 2 lung immunopathology and airway hyperreactivity induced by IL-33 and a fungal allergen, Aspergillus flavus. Mechanistically, upon the respiratory delivery, 2'3'-cGAMP was mainly internalized by alveolar macrophages, in which it activated the STING/IFN regulatory factor 3/type I IFN signaling axis to induce the production of inhibitory factors containing IFN-α, which blocked the IL-33-mediated activation of group 2 innate lymphoid (ILC2) cells in vivo. We further demonstrated that 2'3'-cGAMP directly suppressed the proliferation and function of both human and mouse ILC2 cells in vitro. Taken together, our findings suggest that STING activation by 2'3'-cGAMP in alveolar macrophages and ILC2 cells can negatively regulate type 2 immune responses, implying that the respiratory delivery of 2'3'-cGAMP might be further developed as an alternative strategy for treating type 2 immunopathologic diseases such as eosinophilic asthma.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.