Evaluation of direct thrombin inhibitors during a critical heparin shortage.

A recent heparin shortage related to an outbreak of African Swine Flu in China led to substantial increase in the use of direct thrombin inhibitors (DTI) as an alternative. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of DTIs by assessing the anticoagulation assays within the initial 48 h of therapy comparing before and during shortage. A retrospective evaluation of bivalirudin and argatroban was conducted at a single center before (May 24, 2018 through August 25, 2019) and during heparin shortage (August 26, 2019 through February 20, 2020). The primary outcome was time to first therapeutic activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). Secondary outcomes included the percentage of time in therapeutic aPTT range, in-hospital mortality, incidence of recurrent thrombosis, and hemorrhagic events. Of the 204 patients included in the study, 95 patients [bivalirudin (n = 35), argatroban (n = 60)] were included in the pre-shortage cohort and 109 patients [bivalirudin (n = 68), argatroban (n = 41)] were during shortage. No significant difference was observed in the time to first therapeutic aPTT pre- and during shortage (8.9 h ± 10.8 vs 8.8 h ± 10.2, P = 0.62). Compared to pre-shortage cohort, a greater percentage of time was spent in therapeutic aPTT range within the initial 48 h (32% (0-50) vs. 41.6% (0-63), P = 0.04) during shortage without statistically significant differences in the rates of in-hospital mortality, thrombosis, or bleeding. While the optimal DTI protocol is still be determined, the protocols presented in this study allowed for wide-spread utilization of DTIs during a critical heparin shortage without compromising patient safety and effectiveness, likely reflective of the enhancement of DTI protocols, clinician education, and multidisciplinary collaboration and guidance from pharmacy and hematology.