ArticleJournal of neurology2021
Differential effects of sex on longitudinal patterns of cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease.
Article in Journal of neurology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global Alterations of Whole Brain Structural Connectome in Parkinson's Disease: A Meta-analysis.Neuropsychology review · 2023Pooled it
- Sex differences in alpha-synucleinopathies: a systematic review.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Pooled it
- Sex-Specific Cognitive Divergence in Parkinson's Disease.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Gender differences in non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease: a multicenter longitudinal study.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Article
- Immune and metabolic signatures characterise constipation-driven endophenotypes in Parkinson's disease.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2025Article
- Multi-cohort machine learning identifies predictors of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease.NPJ digital medicine · 2025Article
- Risk factors and predictors for Lewy body dementia: a systematic review.NPJ dementia · 2025Article
- Sex-dependent associations of serum BDNF, glycolipid metabolism and cognitive impairments in Parkinson's disease with depression: a comprehensive analysis.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2024Article
- Trends in parkinson's disease mortality in China from 2004 to 2021: a joinpoint analysis.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Differences in brain aging between sexes in Parkinson's disease.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2024Article
- Gut dysbacteriosis induces expression differences in the adult head transcriptome of Spodoptera frugiperda in a sex-specific manner.BMC microbiology · 2023Article
- Age and sex differentially shape brain networks in Parkinson's disease.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2023Article
- Quality of life implications for elevated trait impulsivity in people with Parkinson's disease.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2023Observational
- Cognitive and Functional Trajectories in Older Adults With Prediagnostic Parkinson Disease.Neurology · 2023Article
- Gender-specific association of blood lipids and reproductive trajectory with cognitive impairment: A community based cross-sectional study from India.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Sex differences in immune gene expression in the brain of a small shorebird.Immunogenetics · 2022Article
- Sex differences in brain atrophy and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease patients with and without probable rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder.Journal of neurology · 2022Article
- Sex-Related Longitudinal Change of Motor, Non-Motor, and Biological Features in Early Parkinson's Disease.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2022Article
- Between-sex variability of resting state functional brain networks in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2021Article
- Structural network topology and microstructural alterations of the anterior insula associate with cognitive and affective impairment in Parkinson's disease.Scientific reports · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCognitive impairment is an important and diverse symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD). Sex is a purported risk variable for cognitive decline in PD, but has not been comprehensively investigated.
objectivesThis cross-sectional and longitudinal study examined sex differences in global and domain-specific cognitive performance in a large PD cohort.
methodsCognitive function was evaluated using the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination in 392 people with PD (PwP) from the Australian Parkinson's Disease Registry. The influence of sex on domain-specific cognitive performance was investigated using covariate-corrected generalised linear models. In a repeated measures longitudinal subset of 127 PwP, linear mixed models were used to assess the impact of sex on cognition over time, while accounting for covariates.
resultsCross-sectional-corrected modelling revealed that sex was significantly predictive of cognitive performance, with males performing worse than females on global cognition, and memory and fluency domains. Longitudinally, sex was significantly predictive of cognitive decline, with males exhibiting a greater reduction in global cognition and language, whereas females showed a greater decline in attention/orientation, memory and visuospatial domains, despite starting with higher baseline scores. At follow-up, a significantly higher proportion of males than females fulfilled criteria for mild cognitive impairment or PD dementia.
conclusionsSex was revealed as a significant determinant of overall cognitive performance as well as specific cognitive domains, with a differential pattern of decline in male and female participants. Such sex-specific findings appear to explain some of the heterogeneity observed in PD, warranting further investigation of mechanisms underlying this sexual dimorphism.
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