ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2021
Diarrheal Pathogens Associated With Growth and Neurodevelopment.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 26 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Field Studies of Cryptosporidiosis and Enteropathogens in Bangladesh
Assessing the Impact of Unnecessary Antibiotic Treatment on the Development of Appropriate Adaptive Immune Responses in Malnourished Bangladeshi Infants
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Anthropometric and neurocognitive consequences of Campylobacter, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, and norovirus: A systematic review.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Consequences of Shigella infection in young children: a systematic review.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2023Pooled it
- Global distribution of sporadic sapovirus infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2021Pooled it
- A Pilot Study of Enterade (VS001), an Oral Amino Acid Formulation, in Malnourished Bangladeshi Children with Environmental Enteric Dysfunction.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2025Trial
- Economic Losses from Premature Under-Five Mortality due to Diarrhoeal Diseases in South Asia: Trends, Aetiologies, and Key Risk Factors.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota and western dietary patterns associated with behavioral problems in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study.Nutrition journal · 2026Article
- Adenovirus 40 and 41 Antibodies Associated With Protection From Infection in a Bangladeshi Birth Cohort.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- The interplay between malnutrition, persistent diarrhea, lactose intolerance, and food associated gut dysbiosis in children; a comprehensive review.BMC pediatrics · 2026Review
- Watery diarrhea in early childhood and neuro-cognitive development: longitudinal follow-up study in Bangladesh.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Prevalence and Genotype Distribution of Sapovirus in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Global challenges (Hoboken, NJ) · 2025Review
- Determinants of Campylobacter species diversity in infants and association with family members, livestock, and household environments in rural Eastern Ethiopia.Gut pathogens · 2025Article
- Charting the Impact of Maternal Antibodies and Repeat Exposures on Sapovirus Immunity in Early Childhood From a Nicaraguan Birth Cohort.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- The Role of Microbiome and Probiotics in Chemo-Radiotherapy-Induced Diarrhea: A Narrative Review of the Current Evidence.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2024Review
- Postnatal zinc deficiency due to giardiasis disrupts hippocampal and cerebellar development.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Diarrhea Case Surveillance in the Enterics for Global HealthOpen forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Shigella and childhood stunting: Evidence, gaps, and future research directions.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Review
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- Bacterial Modification of the Association Between Arsenic and Autism-Related Social Behavior Scores.Exposure and health · 2023Article
- Stunting Following Moderate-to-Severe Diarrhea Among Children Aged <5 Years in Africa Before and After Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction: A Comparison of the Global Enteric Multicenter Study and the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDiarrheal pathogens have been associated with linear growth deficits. The effect of diarrheal pathogens on growth is likely due to inflammation, which also adversely affects neurodevelopment. We hypothesized that diarrheagenic pathogens would be negatively associated with both growth and neurodevelopment.
methodsWe conducted a longitudinal birth cohort study of 250 children with diarrheal surveillance and measured pathogen burden in diarrheal samples using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Pathogen attributable fraction estimates of diarrhea over the first 2 years of life, corrected for socioeconomic variables, were used to predict both growth and scores on the Bayley-III Scales of Infant and Toddler Development.
resultsOne hundred eighty children were analyzed for growth and 162 for neurodevelopmental outcomes. Rotavirus, Campylobacter, and Shigella were the leading causes of diarrhea in year 1 while Shigella, Campylobacter, and heat-stable toxin-producing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli were the leading causes in year 2. Norovirus was the only pathogen associated with length-for-age z score at 24 months and was positively associated (regression coefficient [RC], 0.42 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .04 to .80]). Norovirus (RC, 2.46 [95% CI, .05 to 4.87]) was also positively associated with cognitive scores while sapovirus (RC, -2.64 [95% CI, -4.80 to -.48]) and typical enteropathogenic E. coli (RC, -4.14 [95% CI, -8.02 to -.27]) were inversely associated. No pathogens were associated with language or motor scores. Significant maternal, socioeconomic, and perinatal predictors were identified for both growth and neurodevelopment.
conclusionsMaternal, prenatal, and socioeconomic factors were common predictors of growth and neurodevelopment. Only a limited number of diarrheal pathogens were associated with these outcomes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.