ReviewESMO open2021
How we treat endocrine complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Review in ESMO open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Pooled it
- A network meta-analysis of endocrine adverse events induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors in colorectal cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Endocrine-related adverse conditions in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibition: an ESE clinical practice guideline.European journal of endocrinology · 2022Guideline
- PD-1 inhibitor-associated type 1 diabetes: A case report and systematic review.Frontiers in public health · 2022Pooled it
- Real world incidence, predictors and outcomes of endocrine immune-related adverse events following immune checkpoint inhibitors.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Article
- Article
- Late endocrine-metabolic complications in survivors of young adult and adult-onset cancers: comprehensive evaluation and strategies for management. An Italian Association of Medical Oncology (AIOM), Italian Association of Medical Diabetologists (AMD), Italian Society of Diabetology (SID), Italian Society of Endocrinology (SIE), Italian Society of Pharmacology (SIF) multidisciplinary critical review.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026Review
- Enhancing Immunotherapy in Lung Cancer: The Promise of dMMR/MSI-H Tumors and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Multiple Endocrinology Immune-Related Adverse Events (irAEs) Related to Pembrolizumab as Neoadjuvant Treatment in Two Cases of TNBC Patients: Case Reports and Literature Review.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2026Review
- Beyond Neutropenic Fever: Severe Multiorgan Immune-Related Toxicity Induced by Pembrolizumab.Cureus · 2026Article
- Article
- Quality of Life of Lung Cancer Patients with Immune-Related Endocrinopathies During Immunotherapy: A Prospective Study Based on the EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-LC13 Questionnaires in Romania.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2025Article
- Association between platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced thyroid dysfunction.Endocrine · 2025Observational
- Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced diabetes mellitus.Endocrine · 2025Review
- Current Landscape and Future Directions in Cancer Immunotherapy: Therapies, Trials, and Challenges.Cancers · 2025Review
- Clinical manifestations and risk factors of immune-related thyroid adverse events in patients treated with PD-1 inhibitors: a case-control study.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Cemiplimab and diabetic ketoacidosis: a case report of a rare endocrinopathy associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- EndoCompass Project: Research Roadmap for Endocrine Causes and Consequences of Cancers.Hormone research in paediatrics · 2025Review
- Patterns of hormonal changes in hypophysitis by immune checkpoint inhibitor.The Korean journal of internal medicine · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are antibodies that target certain immune checkpoints (ICs), such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed death 1 (PD-1) or its ligand (PD-L1), and have emerged as a powerful new tool for oncologists. As these immune checkpoints are crucial for immunological self-tolerance, such therapies can trigger autoimmune adverse effects. Endocrine complications are among the most common, including hypophysitis, thyroid dysfunction, diabetes mellitus and primary adrenal insufficiency, while autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2 (APS-2) may also present. The aim of this article is to critically appraise the literature and present (i) the biological role and function of the main ICs, (ii) the use of ICIs in the treatment of various cancer types, (iii) the endocrine complications of cancer immunotherapy with ICIs and (iv) practical recommendations for screening and management of patients with such endocrinopathies in everyday clinical practice.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.