ReviewInternal and emergency medicine2021
COVID-19 treatment options: a difficult journey between failed attempts and experimental drugs.
Review in Internal and emergency medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 80 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effectiveness and safety of normoxic allogenic umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells administered as adjunctive treatment in patients with severe COVID-19.Scientific reports · 2023Trial
- Ivermectin to prevent hospitalizations in patients with COVID-19 (IVERCOR-COVID19) a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.BMC infectious diseases · 2021Trial
- Lingering echoes of SARS-CoV-2: mechanistic insights and management of long COVID syndrome.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Clinical Phenotyping for Prognosis and Immunotherapy Guidance in Bacterial Sepsis and COVID-19.Critical care explorations · 2024Article
- Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir Utilization for the Treatment of Non-hospitalized Adults with COVID-19 in the National Veterans Affairs (VA) Healthcare System.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2024Article
- Current Views About the Link between SARS-CoV-2 and the Liver: Friends or Foe?Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2024Article
- Epigenetic perspectives associated with COVID-19 infection and related cytokine storm: an updated review.Infection · 2023Review
- COVID-19 and Pregnancy: An Updated Review about Evidence-Based Therapeutic Strategies.Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Review
- Regional trends in the use of steroids and favipiravir for COVID-19 treatment.Journal of infection and public health · 2023Article
- The prevalence of adverse reactions among individuals with three-dose COVID-19 vaccination.Journal of infection and public health · 2023Article
- Nanoparticles: a breakthrough in COVID-19 prevention, diagnosis and treatment.Archives of medical science : AMS · 2023Article
- Therapeutic safety and efficacy of triple-immunosuppressants versus dual-immunosuppressants in severe-to-critical COVID-19: a prospective cohort study in Bangladesh.Annals of medicine · 2022Article
- Natural compounds may contribute in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection: a narrative review.Food science and human wellness · 2022Review
- Review
- The impact of obesity and dyslipidemia on Remdesivir effectiveness in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2-related pneumonia: An observational study.Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD · 2022Observational
- Decidual stromal cell therapy for generalized lymphadenopathy as a special clinical manifestation of COVID-19 infection: A case report.Clinical case reports · 2022Article
- A rapid and feasible tool for clinical decision making in community-dwelling patients with COVID-19 and those admitted to emergency departments: the Braden-LDH-HorowITZ Assessment-BLITZ.Internal and emergency medicine · 2022Article
- Possible harm from glucocorticoid drugs misuse in the early phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a narrative review of the evidence.Internal and emergency medicine · 2022Review
- Does the Fetus Limit Antibiotic Treatment in Pregnant Patients with COVID-19?Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Risk factors associated with in-hospital mortality patients with COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia.PloS one · 2022Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Since its outbreak in China in December 2019 a novel Coronavirus, named SARS-CoV-2, has spread worldwide causing many cases of severe pneumonia, referred to as COVID-19 disease, leading the World Health Organization to declare a pandemic emergency in March 2020. Up to now, no specific therapy against COVID-19 disease exists. This paper aims to review COVID-19 treatment options currently under investigation. We divided the studied drugs into three categories (antiviral, immunomodulatory and other drugs). For each molecule, we discussed the putative mechanisms by which the drug may act against SARS-CoV-2 or may affect COVID-19 pathogenesis and the main clinical studies performed so far. The published clinical studies suffer from methodological limitations due to the emergency setting in which they have been conducted. Nevertheless, it seems that the timing of administration of the diverse categories of drugs is crucial in determining clinical efficacy. Antiviral drugs, in particular Remdesivir, should be administered soon after symptoms onset, in the viraemic phase of the disease; whereas, immunomodulatory agents, such as tocilizumab, anakinra and steroids, may have better results if administered in pneumonia/hyperinflammatory phases. Low-molecular-weight heparin may also have a role when facing COVID-19-related coagulopathy. Up to now, treatment choices have been inferred from the experience with other coronaviruses or viral infection outbreaks. Hopefully, in the near future, new treatment strategies will be available thanks to increased knowledge on SARS-CoV2 virus and COVID-19 pathogenesis. In the meanwhile, further well-designed clinical trials are urgently needed to establish a standard of care in COVID-19 disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.