ArticleCommunications biology2021
Multiple memories can be simultaneously reactivated during sleep as effectively as a single memory.
Article in Communications biology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Promoting memory consolidation during sleep: A meta-analysis of targeted memory reactivation.Psychological bulletin · 2020Pooled it
- The effect of zolpidem on targeted memory reactivation during sleep.Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) · 2021Trial
- Exposure to broadband noise during non-REM sleep impairs hippocampal sharp-wave ripples and memory consolidation.Current biology : CB · 2026Article
- Concurrent Presentation of Memory-Related Odours and Sounds Nullified Sleep Reactivation Benefits.Journal of sleep research · 2026Article
- Odor-Cued Targeted Reactivation Was Unable to Selectively Benefit Declarative Memories During Sleep.Journal of sleep research · 2026Article
- Wakeful targeted memory reactivation during short rest periods modulates early motor learning.NPJ science of learning · 2026Article
- The effects of targeted reactivation on memories cued once or multiple times during a nap.Neuropsychologia · 2025Article
- Manipulating memory processing during sleep to explore the critical duration of reactivation events.Neuropsychologia · 2025Article
- Both slow wave and rapid eye movement sleep contribute to emotional memory consolidation.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Memory, Sleep, Dreams, and Consciousness: A Perspective Based on the Memory Theory of Consciousness.Nature and science of sleep · 2025Article
- Distributed and gradual microstructure changes are associated with the emergence of behavioural benefit from memory reactivation.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- Aversive memories can be weakened during human sleep via the reactivation of positive interfering memories.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Reactivating cue approached positive personality traits during sleep promotes positive self-referential processing.iScience · 2024Article
- Modulating social learning-induced evaluation updating during human sleep.NPJ science of learning · 2024Article
- Memory Reactivation during Sleep Does Not Act Holistically on Object Memory.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2024Article
- Delineating memory reactivation in sleep with verbal and non-verbal retrieval cues.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2024Article
- Article
- Recurring memory reactivation: The offline component of learning.Neuropsychologia · 2024Article
- An update on recent advances in targeted memory reactivation during sleep.NPJ science of learning · 2024Review
- When memories get complex, sleep comes to their rescue.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Memory consolidation involves the reactivation of memory traces during sleep. If different memories are reactivated each night, how much do they interfere with one another? We examined whether reactivating multiple memories incurs a cost to sleep-related benefits by contrasting reactivation of multiple memories versus single memories during sleep. First, participants learned the on-screen location of different objects. Each object was part of a semantically coherent group comprised of either one, two, or six items (e.g., six different cats). During sleep, sounds were unobtrusively presented to reactivate memories for half of the groups (e.g., "meow"). Memory benefits for cued versus non-cued items were independent of the number of items in the group, suggesting that reactivation occurs in a simultaneous and promiscuous manner. Intriguingly, sleep spindles and delta-theta power modulations were sensitive to group size, reflecting the extent of previous learning. Our results demonstrate that multiple memories may be consolidated in parallel without compromising each memory's sleep-related benefit. These findings highlight alternative models for parallel consolidation that should be considered in future studies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.