ReviewClinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)2021
Vitamin D and cardiovascular health.
Review in Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 164 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
164 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 317 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vitamin D Supplementation and Cardiovascular Disease Risks in More Than 134000 Individuals in 29 Randomized Clinical Trials and 157000 Individuals in 30 Prospective Cohort Studies: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Journal of research in health sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Association of a low vitamin D status with risk of post-stroke depression: A meta-analysis and systematic review.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Pooled it
- Vitamins andFrontiers in nutrition · 2021Pooled it
- Randomized trial of influence of vitamin D on the prevention and improvement of symptomatic COVID-19.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Article
- Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and bilateral vestibulopathy: A case-control study.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2026Article
- Vitamin D and Health: Establishing Causal Relationships Through Observational Evidence and Hill's Criteria in a Biological Framework.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Relationship of Vitamin D, Spondyloarthritis Activity and Left Ventricular Systolic and Diastolic Function.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Effect of vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes: randomized trials revisited.European journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Diet, the protective bridge connecting nutrition and cardiovascular health: A review.Food chemistry: X · 2026Review
- Vitamin D status and its association with diabetic complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A case-control study.Nutrition and health · 2026Article
- Impact of serum vitamin (Vitamin D, Vitamin B12) and trace element (Fe, Zn, Cu) levels on major adverse cardiovascular events and poor prognosis in STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI.Journal of clinical biochemistry and nutrition · 2026Article
- Correlation analysis of serum 25(OH)D levels with white matter hyperintensities and gait disorders in patients with cerebral small vessel disease.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Development and Validation of a Dynamic Online Nomogram Prediction Model for Assessing the Risk of Erectile Dysfunction.The world journal of men's health · 2026Article
- Association of Vitamin D Levels and Mortality in Overactive Bladder: Nonlinear Dose-Response and Threshold Effect.Food science & nutrition · 2026Article
- Beyond bones, vitamin D as a sunshine hormone in type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications.iScience · 2026Review
- The Vicious Cycle of Diabetic Kidney Disease, Vitamin D Deficiency, and Arterial Hypertension.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Serum 25(OH)D concentration and risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational cohort studies.Nutrition & metabolism · 2026Review
- Association of Vitamin D Deficiency with Mortality and Cardiorenal Events in Sjögren's Syndrome and Osteoporosis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
104 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The principal source of vitamin D in humans is its biosynthesis in the skin through a chemical reaction dependent on sun exposure. In lesser amounts, the vitamin can be obtained from the diet, mostly from fatty fish, fish liver oil and mushrooms. Individuals with vitamin D deficiency, defined as a serum level of 25 hydroxyvitamin D < 20 ng/dl, should be supplemented. Vitamin D deficiency is a prevalent global problem caused mainly by low exposure to sunlight. The main role of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D is the maintenance of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. However, vitamin D receptors are found in most human cells and tissues, indicating many extra-skeletal effects of the vitamin, particularly in the immune and cardiovascular (CV) systems. Vitamin D regulates blood pressure by acting on endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Its deficiency has been associated with various CV risk factors and appears to be linked to a higher mortality and incidence of CV disease (CVD). Several mechanisms have been proposed relating vitamin D deficiency to CV risk factors such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation, abnormal nitric oxide regulation, oxidative stress or altered inflammatory pathways. However, in the latest randomized controlled trials no benefits of vitamin D supplementation for CVD have been confirmed. Although more work is needed to establish the protective role of vitamin D in this setting, according to current evidences vitamin D supplements should not be recommended for CVD prevention.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.