ArticleArthritis research & therapy2021
Younger age and female gender are determinants of underestimated cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis patients: a prospective cohort study.
Article in Arthritis research & therapy, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex and gender differences in rheumatology: clinical impact and future directions.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2026Review
- Sex-specific traditional and disease-related risk factors for incident heart failure in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a registry-based cohort study.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Article
- Article
- Biomarkers for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Events in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Towards Validation of a Biomarker-Enhanced Risk Model.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Risk Profiles of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results from an Italian Multicentre Cohort.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- [Sex-specific aspects in rheumatology].Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie · 2024Article
- Characterizing the polygenic overlap and shared loci between rheumatoid arthritis and cardiovascular diseases.BMC medicine · 2024Article
- Tailoring Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment through a Sex and Gender Lens.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- [Gender-specific differences in the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory rheumatic diseases].Innere Medizin (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2023Review
- Multimorbidity patterns and mortality in older adults: Results from the KORA-Age study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Article
- Associations between Cardiovascular Outcomes and Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Focus on Sex and Gender: What We Need to Know in the Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis.Journal of personalized medicine · 2022Review
- Cardiovascular Events, Sleep Apnoea, and Pulmonary Hypertension in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome: Data from the French Health Insurance Database.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundRheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients have an increased cardiovascular (CV) risk. Here, we aimed to investigate whether gender and age are contributing to the misclassification of CV risk in RA patients.
methodsProspectively collected data on cardiovascular risk factors and incident events from the Nijmegen inception cohort were analyzed, with up to 10 years follow-up. Original as well as the EULAR-modified (M)_SCORE algorithms were used to calculate CV risk. Patients were stratified in deciles according to predicted risk; the Hosmer-Lemeshow test was used to check concordance between observed and predicted risk, in subgroups of gender and age.
resultsThere were 863 RA patients included with 128 incident CV events. When using SCORE in the whole group, there was evidence of a discrepancy between the predicted and observed CV risk (H-L test p < 0.003), mainly present in the female subgroup (H-L test p < 0.001). Interestingly, 36% of females who developed an event belonged to the low CV risk group, whereas this was just 10% in RA males. When analyzing the subgroups based on age, a discrepancy was present only in the youngest patients (H-L test p < 0.001 in patients < 55 years) consisting of an underestimation of CV risk (5.3% predicted vs. 8.0% observed). Similar results were obtained when the M_SCORE was applied.
conclusionCV risk is especially underestimated in female and younger RA patients. This suggests that modifying the weight for the female gender and/or younger age in currently used CV risk algorithms might improve their predictive value in RA, contributing to better CV risk management.
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