ArticlePerioperative medicine (London, England)2021
Postoperative urinary retention: risk factors, bladder filling rate and time to catheterization: an observational study as part of a randomized controlled trial.
Article in Perioperative medicine (London, England), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05969145 (The Effect of Hot-Cold Application to the Bladder After Orthopedic Surgery on Postoperative Urinary Retention), which is not on this map. Cited by 22 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Effect of Hot-Cold Application to the Bladder After Orthopedic Surgery on Postoperative Urinary Retention
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Assessing the economic burden of complicated urinary tract infection: A systematic literature review.The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care · 2026Pooled it
- Risk factors for postoperative urinary retention following pelvic organ prolapse surgery: a meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2025Pooled it
- Trial
- Postoperative Urinary Retention After General Surgical Procedures: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Short-Term Outcomes.Cureus · 2026Article
- Risk factors for postoperative urinary retention in benign anorectal diseases: a case-control study.Annals of coloproctology · 2026Article
- Incidence and Risk Factors of Postoperative Urinary Retention After Thyroidectomy: A Retrospective Cohort Study.World journal of surgery · 2026Article
- Urinary Retention Complications Following Pelvic Floor Reconstructive Surgery: Prevention and Management Strategies Based on Evidence Synthesis.Journal of nursing management · 2026Review
- Early Prediction of Postoperative Urinary Retention After General Anesthesia Using Explainable Machine Learning.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2026Article
- Sex-Specific Differences and Risk Factors for Postoperative Urinary Retention after Spine Surgery with TIVA.Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society · 2026Article
- Risk of postoperative urinary retention after sugammadex use in laparoscopic hernia repair: A matched cohort study of 23,444 cases.PloS one · 2025Article
- Lateral decubitus anterior exposure of the L4-5 disc maintains safety compared with supine positioning.Journal of spine surgery (Hong Kong) · 2024Article
- Adherence to evidence-based guidelines for prevention of urinary retention in hip surgery patients: a multicentre observational study.International journal for quality in health care : journal of the International Society for Quality in Health Care · 2024Observational
- Increased Duration of Total Hip and Total Knee Arthroplasty Surgery Increases the Risk of Post-Operative Urinary Retention: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Development and validation of a nomogram to predict acute postoperative urinary retention in ischemic stroke patients following femoral artery puncture.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
- Spinal anesthesia in elective lumbar spinal surgery.Anesthesia and pain medicine · 2023Review
- Risk Factors for Postoperative Urinary Retention Following Lumbar Spine Surgery: A Review of Current Literature and Meta-Analysis.Global spine journal · 2023Review
- Frailty and Acute Postoperative Urinary Retention in Older Women Undergoing Pelvic Organ Prolapse Surgery.Urogynecology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2023Article
- A co-created nurse-driven catheterisation protocol can reduce bladder distension in acute hip fracture patients - results from a longitudinal observational study.BMC nursing · 2022Article
- Postoperative Urinary Retention after Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Prophylactic doxazosin reduces urinary retention and promotes recovery after total joint arthroplasty: A randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundKnowledge of risk factors for postoperative urinary retention may guide appropriate and timely urinary catheterization. We aimed to determine independent risk factors for postoperative urinary catheterization in general surgical patients. In addition, we calculated bladder filling rate and assessed the time to spontaneous voiding or catheterization. We used the patients previously determined individual maximum bladder capacity as threshold for urinary catheterization.
methodsRisk factors for urinary catheterization were prospectively determined in 936 general surgical patients. Patients were at least 18 years of age and operated under general or spinal anesthesia without the need for an indwelling urinary catheter. Patients measured their maximum bladder capacity preoperatively at home, by voiding in a calibrated bowl after a strong urge that could no longer be ignored. Postoperatively, bladder volumes were assessed hourly with ultrasound. When patients reached their maximum bladder capacity and were unable to void, they were catheterized by the nursing staff. Bladder filling rate and time to catheterization were determined.
resultsSpinal anesthesia was the main independent modifiable risk factor for urinary catheterization (hyperbaric bupivacaine, relative risk 8.1, articaine RR 3.1). Unmodifiable risk factors were a maximum bladder capacity < 500 mL (RR 6.7), duration of surgery ≥ 60 min (RR 5.5), first scanned bladder volume at the Post Anesthesia Care Unit ≥250mL (RR 2.1), and age ≥ 60 years (RR 2.0). Urine production varied from 100 to 200 mL/h. Catheterization or spontaneous voiding took place approximately 4 h postoperatively.
conclusionSpinal anesthesia, longer surgery time, and older age are the main risk factors for urinary retention catheterization. Awareness of these risk factors, regularly bladder volume scanning (at least every 3 h) and using the individual maximum bladder capacity as volume threshold for urinary catheterization may avoid unnecessary urinary catheterization and will prevent bladder overdistention with the attendant risk of lower urinary tract injury.
trial registrationDutch Central Committee for Human Studies registered trial database: NL 21058.099.07. Current Controlled Trials database: Preventing Bladder Catheterization after an Operation under General or Spinal Anesthesia by Using the Patient's Own Maximum Bladder Capacity as a Limit for Maximum Bladder Volume. ISRCTN97786497 . Registered 18 July 2011 -Retrospectively registered. The original study started 19 May 2008, and ended 30 April 2009, when the last patient was included.
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