ArticlePathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2020
Epidemiology and Clinical Presentation of West Nile Virus Infection in Horses in South Africa, 2016-2017.
Article in Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- West Nile Virus in Horses as a Sentinel Host in One Health Surveillance: Epidemiological Insights and Future Perspectives.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Risk assessment of West Nile fever in equines in Europe based on an ecological niche model.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- Cellular Immune Response in Horses After West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- West Nile Virus (WNV): One-Health and Eco-Health Global Risks.Veterinary sciences · 2025Review
- A review of the mosquito-borne flaviviruses: Dengue virus and West Nile virus in Southern Africa.Virusdisease · 2025Review
- Environmental Surveillance of Vector-Borne Diseases in a Non-Sewered System: A Case Study in Mozambique.Environmental science & technology · 2025Article
- WNV and SLEV coinfection in avian and mosquito hosts: impact on viremia, antibody responses, and vector competence.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- An Overview of Infectious and Non-Infectious Causes of Pregnancy Losses in Equine.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Review
- Lessons Learned from West Nile Virus Infection:Vaccinations in Equines and Their Implications for One Health Approaches.Viruses · 2024Review
- Evidence of West Nile Virus Circulation in Horses and Dogs in Libya.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Long-term serological surveillance for West Nile and Usutu virus in horses in south-West Spain.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2023Article
- Comparison of West Nile Virus Disease in Humans and Horses: Exploiting Similarities for Enhancing Syndromic Surveillance.Viruses · 2023Review
- West Nile Virus Infection.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Reoccurrence of West Nile virus lineage 1 after 2-year decline: first equine outbreak in Campania region.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2023Article
- Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestation of West Nile Virus Infections of Equines in Hungary, 2007-2020.Viruses · 2022Article
- ExploitingViruses · 2022Article
- World Society for Virology first international conference: Tackling global virus epidemics.Virology · 2022Article
- Insecticide Resistance in the West Nile Encephalitis, Japanese Encephalitis, Avian Malaria and Lymphatic Elephantiasis Vector, Culex pipiens complex (Diptera: Culicidae) in Iran.Journal of arthropod-borne diseases · 2021Review
- Article
- Isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification Technologies for the Detection of Equine Viral Pathogens.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Although West Nile virus (WNV) is endemic to South Africa (RSA), it has only become recognized as a significant cause of neurological disease in humans and horses locally in the past 2 decades, as it emerged globally. This article describes the epidemiological and clinical presentation of WNV in horses across RSA during 2016-2017. In total, 54 WNV-positive cases were identified by passive surveillance in horses with febrile and/or neurological signs at the Centre for Viral Zoonoses, University of Pretoria. They were followed up and compared to 120 randomly selected WNV-negative controls with the same case definition and during the same time period. Of the WNV-positive cases, 52% had fever, 92% displayed neurological signs, and 39% experienced mortality. Cases occurred mostly in WNV-unvaccinated horses <5 years old, during late summer and autumn after heavy rain, in the temperate to warm eastern parts of RSA. WNV-positive cases that had only neurological signs without fever were more likely to die. In the multivariable analysis, the odds of WNV infection were associated with season (late summer), higher altitude, more highly purebred animals, younger age, and failure to vaccinate against WNV. Vaccination is currently the most effective prophylactic measure to reduce WNV morbidity and mortality in horses.
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Registered trials
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