ArticleInternational archives of occupational and environmental health2021
Exploring persistent racial/ethnic disparities in lead exposure among American children aged 1-5 years: results from NHANES 1999-2016.
Article in International archives of occupational and environmental health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bioavailability of and US Infant Exposure to Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, Mercury, and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyls from Human Milk and Infant Formula: Results from a Series of Systematic Reviews.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Pooled it
- Association between proximity to a lead-releasing facility and cognition in diverse cohorts.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Pooled it
- Lead Poisoning in the Americas: Sources, Regulations, Health Impacts, and Molecular Mechanisms.Journal of xenobiotics · 2025Review
- Children's exposure to chemical contaminants: Demographic disparities and associations with the developing basal ganglia.Environmental research · 2024Article
- Identification of high lead exposure locations in Ohio at the census tract scale using a generalizable geospatial hotspot approach.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2024Article
- Do we underestimate risk of cardiovascular mortality due to lead exposure?The Science of the total environment · 2024Article
- Identifying Risk Factors for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): a Public Health Concern and Opportunity.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2024Article
- An inferential spatiotemporal approach for knowledge synthesis to identify trends in public health research.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Effect of Environmental and Socioeconomic Factors on Increased Early Childhood Blood Lead Levels: A Case Study in Chicago.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Identifying High-Risk ZIP Codes for Childhood Lead Exposure: A Statewide ZCTA-Level Priority List for North Carolina.North Carolina medical journal · 2024Article
- Racial and Economic Segregation Over the Life Course and Incident Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy Among Black Women in California.American journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Exposure to Lead in Drinking Water Causes Cognitive Impairment via an Alzheimer's Disease Gene-Dependent Mechanism in Adult Mice.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2024Article
- Lead exposure sources and public health investigations for children with elevated blood lead in England, 2014 to 2022.PloS one · 2024Article
- Intersectionality and Social Security Age-18 Redetermination: Reducing the Stress and Trauma of Transition for Black Transition-Age Youth with Disabilities.Child & adolescent social work journal : C & A · 2023Article
- Contaminant Metals as Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2023Article
- The contribution of secondhand tobacco smoke to blood lead levels in US children and adolescents: a cross-sectional analysis of NHANES 2015-2018.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Animal Models of Childhood Exposure to Lead or Manganese: Evidence for Impaired Attention, Impulse Control, and Affect Regulation and Assessment of Potential Therapies.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2023Review
- A Clarion Call for Change: The MLP Imperative to Center Racial Discrimination and Structural Health Inequities.The Journal of law, medicine & ethics : a journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics · 2023Article
- Targeting Coordinated Federal Efforts to Address Persistent Hazardous Exposures to Lead.American journal of public health · 2022Article
- The Shifting Landscape of Lead Exposure: Screening Gaps for Children in North Carolina.Environmental health perspectives · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe aim of this study was to determine whether long-standing racial disparities in lead exposure still exists for children age 1-5 years old. We examined if blood lead levels were higher among non-Hispanic Black children and others compared to non-Hispanic White children.
methodsData from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999-2016 were used. Geometric mean blood lead levels (BLLs) were compared by race/ethnicity using log-transformed simple linear regression. Associations between race and elevated BLL were assessed using weighted Chi-square tests. Log-transformed multiple weighted linear regression was used to assess what factors affected BLLs.
resultsA total of 6772 children were included in this study. In 1999-2000, the geometric mean BLL for non-Hispanic Black children was 3.08 μg/dL, compared to 2.03 μg/dL for non-Hispanic White children (p = 0.01). The difference in geometric mean BLL between non-Hispanic Black children and non-Hispanic White children continued to be statistically significant in later years (all p < 0.05) until 2015-2016 (0.89 μg/dL vs 0.74 μg/dL, p = 0.17). Log-transformed linear regression showed that being non-Hispanic Black and having low family income were independently associated with higher BLL.
conclusionAlthough lead exposure in the general population continued to decline for all racial/ethnic groups, non-Hispanic Black children still had higher BLL than non-Hispanic White children. In more recent years, the racial/ethnic gap was lesser but persisted. Racial/ethnic disparity in childhood BLL could be partially explained by socio-economic factors.
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Registered trials
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