ReviewThe Journal of clinical investigation2021
The discovery of insulin revisited: lessons for the modern era.
Review in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Metabolic Benefits vs. Cardiovascular Uncertainty: A Critical Review of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Type 1 Diabetes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of once-weekly insulin versus once-daily insulin in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Pooled it
- Phage Display as a Promising Platform for Peptide Drug Discovery.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Integrative Multi-Omics-Informed Analysis Identifies Insulin Therapy-Associated Loci Implicated in Osteoarthritis Susceptibility.Chemical biology & drug design · 2026Article
- Impact of pharmaceutical intervention on the management of insulin pens: a study in community pharmacy.Farmaceuticos comunitarios · 2026Article
- Therapeutic potential of Aloe vera in diabetes mellitus treatment: an update.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2026Review
- Systematic Review: Exploring Inter-Species Variability in Diabetes Mellitus for Translational Medicine.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- New Perspectives on Nutraceutical Insulin Sensitizing Agents in the Treatment of Psoriasis and Other Dermatological Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Pancreatic endocrine and exocrine signaling and crosstalk in physiological and pathological status.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Immunotherapies for prevention and treatment of type 1 diabetes.Immunotherapy · 2025Review
- Potential of Vitamin D and l-Cysteine Co-supplementation to Downregulate Mammalian Target of Rapamycin: A Novel Therapeutic Approach to Diabetes.Metabolic syndrome and related disorders · 2025Review
- The application of procyanidins in diabetes and its complications: a review of preclinical studies.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Review
- Intranasal Insulin Eases Autism in Rats via GDF-15 and Anti-Inflammatory Pathways.Current issues in molecular biology · 2024Article
- Lessons From Insulin: Policy Prescriptions for Affordable Diabetes and Obesity Medications.Diabetes care · 2024Review
- An organism-wide atlas of hormonal signaling based on the mouse lemur single-cell transcriptome.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Out-of-pocket expenses and rationing of insulin and diabetes supplies: findings from the 2022 T1International cross-sectional web-based survey.Frontiers in clinical diabetes and healthcare · 2024Article
- The Up-to-date Treatment for Diabetes and Prevention of its Complications.Juntendo Iji zasshi = Juntendo medical journal · 2024Article
- Narrative review of the role of technology in pediatric diabetes: from testing blood glucose to subcutaneous automated therapy and hope for cure.Translational pediatrics · 2023Review
- The commercialisation of insulin.Anaesthesia and intensive care · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
2021 to 2022 marks the one hundredth anniversary of ground-breaking research in Toronto that changed the course of what was, then, a universally fatal disease: type 1 diabetes. Some would argue that insulin's discovery by Banting, Best, Macleod, and Collip was the greatest scientific advance of the 20th century, being one of the first instances in which modern medical science was able to provide lifesaving therapy. As with all scientific discoveries, the work in Toronto built upon important advances of many researchers over the preceding decades. Furthermore, the Toronto work ushered in a century of discovery of the purification, isolation, structural characterization, and genetic sequencing of insulin, all of which influenced ongoing improvements in therapeutic insulin formulations. Here we discuss the body of knowledge prior to 1921 localizing insulin to the pancreas and establishing insulin's role in glucoregulation, and provide our views as to why researchers in Toronto ultimately achieved the purification of pancreatic extracts as a therapy. We discuss the pharmaceutical industry's role in the early days of insulin production and distribution and provide insights into why the discoverers chose not to profit financially from the discovery. This fascinating story of bench-to-beside discovery provides useful considerations for scientists now and in the future.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.