ArticleMaternal and child health journal2021
Mediating Factors Between Parental Socioeconomic Status and Small for Gestational Age in Infants: Results from the Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children's Health.
Article in Maternal and child health journal, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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3 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ethnic group, socioeconomic position and pregnancy outcome: a mediation model through latent class.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2025Article
- Hypertensive Disorders during Pregnancy and Anthropometric Measurement of Children up to 7 Years of Age: The Hokkaido Birth Cohort Study in Japan.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Hokkaido birth cohort study on environment and children's health: cohort profile 2021.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
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Abstract
objectivesPrevious studies indicated a significant association between small for gestational age (SGA) in infants and their parents' socioeconomic status (SES). Thus, this study aimed to examine if parental factors, such as maternal smoking, and the pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) could mediate the associations between parental SES and SGA.
methodsThe participants of this study were pregnant women who enrolled in an ongoing birth cohort study, the Hokkaido study, during the first trimester of their pregnancies. A total of 14,593 live singleton births were included in the statistical analysis, of which 1011 (6.9%) were SGA. Two structural equation models were employed to evaluate the associations between parental SES, parental characteristics, and SGA.
resultsThe effect of low SES on SGA was directly mediated by maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking during the third trimester, and alcohol consumption during the first trimester in the first model, which was based the assumption of independent associations between mediating factors. In the second model, which additionally considered the mediating factors from the first model, smoking during pregnancy mediated decline in parental SES, consequently increased SGA. Moreover, an increase in pregnancy smoking status increased the prevalence of lower maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and its effect on SGA. CONCLUSIONS FOR PRACTICE: In this study, we observed the independent mediating effect of maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking, and alcohol consumption during pregnancy on low SES and, consequently, SGA, with the additional mediating pathway of SES to smoking to low BMI on SGA.
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