ArticleJournal of the American College of Emergency Physicians open2020
Emergency medical services targeting opioid user disorder: An exploration of current out-of-hospital post-overdose interventions.
Article in Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians open, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- "With a little help from my friends" - collaborating with community experts to improve sampling and obtain a high response rate for a statewide naloxone availability survey.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Post-overdose outreach programs in Massachusetts before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2025Article
- Building connection: overdose survivors' and professional service providers' perspectives on immediate post-overdose care.The International journal on drug policy · 2025Article
- "I don't let anybody die on my watch": perspectives on the intersection of community overdose response and emergency medical services among people who use drugs in Seattle, WA.Harm reduction journal · 2025Article
- Using RE-AIM Framework to Evaluate Recovery Opioid Overdose Team Plus: A Peer-Led Post-overdose Quick Response Team.Community mental health journal · 2025Article
- Emergency Medical Services-Led Outreach Following Opioid-Associated Overdose: Frequency, Modality, and Treatment Linkage.Prehospital emergency care · 2025Article
- Improving first responders' perceptions of overdose events and survivors through tailored occupational health-focused training co-facilitated by overdose survivors.Health & justice · 2024Article
- Harm Reduction in the Field: First Responders' Perceptions of Opioid Overdose Interventions.The western journal of emergency medicine · 2024Article
- "Wanna cry this out real quick?": an examination of secondary traumatic stress risk and resilience among post-overdose outreach staff in Massachusetts.Harm reduction journal · 2024Article
- Characteristics of post-overdose outreach programs and municipal-level opioid overdose in Massachusetts.The International journal on drug policy · 2023Article
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network Meeting Report: Advancing Emergency Department Initiation of Buprenorphine for Opioid Use Disorder.Annals of emergency medicine · 2023Article
- "Another tool in the toolkit"-Perceptions, suggestions, and concerns of emergency service providers about the implementation of a supervised consumption site.The International journal on drug policy · 2023Article
- A scoping review of community-based post-opioid overdose intervention programs: implications of program structure and outcomes.Health & justice · 2023Article
- A Qualitative Analysis of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Personnel Experiences and Perceptions Responding to Drug Overdoses in the United States (US) During the COVID-19 Pandemic.Journal of health research · 2023Article
- Emergency medical services targeting opioid user disorder: An exploration of current out-of-hospital post-overdose interventions.Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians open · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe opioid epidemic continues to escalate, and out-of-hospital emergency medical services (EMS) play a vital role in acute overdose reversal, but could serve a broader role post-incident for follow-up, outreach, and referrals. Our objective is to identify the scope and prevalence of community-based, post-opioid overdose EMS programs across the United States.
methodsWe used a narrative review of prior studies in PubMed and Scopus for the last 20 years (1999-2020) to identify relevant medical literature and a web search to identify gray literature of EMS interventions involving opioids.
resultsOut of nearly 22,000 EMS agencies across the United States, we found evidence of only 27 programs published in medical or gray literature involving post-overdose interventions. They were most commonly found in the north and eastern region of the country. Although most of these programs incorporate harm reduction and education, other more innovative aspects such as linkage to outpatient addiction treatment or peer support services, are much less common. The most comprehensive programs involved combinations of innovative outreach, specialized referrals, integration with police and criminal justice, peer support, and even treatment initiation.
conclusionsOut-of-hospital emergency care has the potential to provide more comprehensive care after drug overdose, but many programs either do not currently have such an intervention in place, or are not disseminating their practices for other agencies to assimilate. EMS protocols and policies that encourage greater adoption of active community paramedicine practices for opioids should be encouraged.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.