ArticleJNCI cancer spectrum2020
Protein Intake by Source and Breast Cancer Incidence and Mortality: The Women's Health Initiative.
Article in JNCI cancer spectrum, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between meat consumption and cancer mortality in Korean adults.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Review
- Observational
- Nutrition Intervention and Microbiome Modulation in the Management of Breast Cancer.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Macronutrient composition of plant-based diets and breast cancer risk: the E3N prospective cohort study.European journal of nutrition · 2024Article
- Stage Shifting by Modifying the Determinants of Breast Cancer Stage at Diagnosis: A Simulation Study.Cancers · 2024Article
- High-protein diet scores, macronutrient substitution, and breast cancer risk: insights from substitution analysis.BMC women's health · 2024Article
- Substitution of dietary macronutrients and their sources in association with breast cancer: results from a large-scale case-control study.European journal of nutrition · 2022Article
- The Impact of Macronutrient Intake on Sex Steroids During Onset of Puberty.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPrior studies of dietary protein intake and breast cancer have been mixed and were limited by dietary self-report measurement error.
methodsBiomarker-calibrated total protein intake and estimated vegetable protein and animal protein intake were determined from baseline food frequency questionnaires in 100 024 Women's Health Initiative participants. Associations between total, animal, and vegetable protein intake and breast cancer incidence, deaths from breast cancer, and deaths after breast cancer were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression. Breast cancers were verified by medical record review and survival outcomes enhanced by National Death Index queries. All statistical tests were 2-sided.
resultsAfter 14 years of follow-up, there were 6340 incident breast cancers, 764 deaths from breast cancer, and 2059 deaths after breast cancer. In multivariable analyses, higher calibrated total protein intake was not associated with breast cancer incidence or deaths from or after breast cancer. Vegetable protein intake was associated with statistically significantly lower breast cancer incidence (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.96 to 0.99,
conclusionsCalibrated total protein intake was not associated with breast cancer incidence or mortality. Higher vegetable protein intake was associated with lower breast cancer incidence and lower risk of death after breast cancer. Higher animal protein intake was associated with higher breast cancer incidence.
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.