ReviewTheranostics2021
Immunopathogenesis and treatment of cytokine storm in COVID-19.
Review in Theranostics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 261 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
261 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 463 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between Guillain-Barré syndrome and SARS-CoV-2 virus infection, including the impact of COVID-19 vaccination in the context of the development and general clinical characteristics of the disease.Journal of neurovirology · 2025Pooled it
- Hemoadsorption in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients requiring venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a systematic review.Respiratory research · 2024Pooled it
- The Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Bleeding in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Pooled it
- Organokines in COVID-19: A Systematic Review.Cells · 2023Pooled it
- Ozone as an adjuvant therapy for COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.International immunopharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- Clinical efficacy and adverse events of baricitinib treatment for coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of medical virology · 2022Pooled it
- Plasma Exchange for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: A Mechanistic Case for an Untested Intervention.Journal of clinical apheresis · 2026Article
- Dual mechanism of human ATG10S in suppressing MEF2A-Driven pro-inflammatory responses.Autophagy · 2026Article
- Investigating the Short-Term Changes of the Electrocardiogram Indicators During Hospitalization in Patients With COVID-19 Following the Use of Tocilizumab.Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc · 2026Article
- Safety, feasibility, and exploratory biomarker findings of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in hospitalized severe COVID-19: a phase I/II randomized trial.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- Cytokine storm in acute respiratory distress syndrome.Journal of intensive medicine · 2026Review
- Association of CD4+/CD8+ T Cell Subsets and Cytokine Profiles with Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19.Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
- Chemical characterization of Jing Guan Fang and its application in alleviating coronavirus envelope protein-induced proinflammatory responsesJournal of traditional and complementary medicine · 2026Article
- Kaempferol attenuates LPS-induced inflammatory responses in H9c2 cells through involvement of the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 pathway.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- Early Cytokine Profiles in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19 and Their Association with Mortality.Metabolites · 2026Article
- Dual Inhibition of PB2 and JAK2 for Influenza: A Strategy Combining Antiviral and Host-Directed Immune Modulation.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Immunomodulatory strategies for managing cytokine storms in chronic COVID: mechanisms, therapeutic targets, and clinical advances.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Review
- Influence of inflammatory and reninangiotensin system gene polymorphisms ACE2 rs2285666, IL1A rs1800587, and TNF rs1800629 on COVID-19 severity and the persistence of symptoms in the post-COVID-19 phase: a cross-sectional study.Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2026Article
- A robust and scalable immunoadsorbent platform based on the high-affinity M03-IgG antibody for targeted IL-6 Removal in cytokine storm.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Protective Effect of Modified Ginseng Baidu Powder Prophylactic Administration on LPS-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Mice.Biochemical genetics · 2025Article
201 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is characterized by systemic hyper-inflammation, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multiple organ failure. Cytokine storm refers to a set of clinical conditions caused by excessive immune reactions and has been recognized as a leading cause of severe COVID-19. While comparisons have been made between COVID-19 cytokine storm and other kinds of cytokine storm such as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and cytokine release syndrome, the pathogenesis of cytokine storm has not been clearly elucidated yet. Recent studies have shown that impaired response of type-1 IFNs in early stage of COVID-19 infection played a major role in the development of cytokine storm, and various cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-1 were involved in severe COVID-19. Furthermore, many clinical evidences have indicated the importance of anti-inflammatory therapy in severe COVID-19. Several approaches are currently being used to treat the observed cytokine storm associated with COVID-19, and expectations are especially high for new cytokine-targeted therapies, such as tocilizumab, anakinra, and baricitinib. Although a number of studies have been conducted on anti-inflammatory treatments for severe COVID-19, no specific recommendations have been made on which drugs should be used for which patients and when. In this review, we provide an overview of cytokine storm in COVID-19 and treatments currently being used to address it. In addition, we discuss the potential therapeutic role of extracorporeal cytokine removal to treat the cytokine storm associated with COVID-19.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.