ReviewFrontiers in immunology2020
Cytokines in CAR T Cell-Associated Neurotoxicity.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 165 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
165 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 232 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prediction models for CAR-T Cell therapy-related adverse events in hematologic malignancies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC cancer · 2026Pooled it
- Inflammation and delirium in critically Ill patients: a review.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Pooled it
- Cancer-related cognitive impairment in patients with hematologic malignancies after CAR T cell therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2025Pooled it
- A Systematic Review on the Dual Role of Interleukin-1 in CAR T-Cell Therapy: Enhancer and Mitigator.Iranian biomedical journal · 2024Pooled it
- The Impact of Antigen Presentation on BBB Disruption and Neuroinflammation.Physiology (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Review
- Neural-tumor interactions: bidirectional regulatory mechanisms and nervous system-targeted tumor therapeutic strategies.Biomarker research · 2026Review
- Delirium in the oncology intensive care unit: Risk, recognition, and recovery strategies.World journal of critical care medicine · 2026Review
- Characterization of CAR-T cell factors that contribute to myeloid cell activation.Gene therapy · 2026Article
- Prophylactic dexamethasone at the time of absolute lymphocyte expansion does not mitigate risk or event-free survival for immune effector cell associated delayed neurotoxicity.Blood cancer journal · 2026Article
- CAR T-Cell Therapy in Neurology: A Scoping Review of Neuro-Oncology, Autoimmune Diseases & Neurotoxicity.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Article
- Multi-antigen-targeting T cells in pediatric central nervous system tumors: a phase 1 trial.Nature medicine · 2026Article
- Transcriptional and functional profiling reveals unique activation of Adapter CAR T cells in acute myeloid leukemia.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- The evolving landscape of CAR T cell therapy in children and young adults with B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2026Review
- Multiplex engineering of rhesus macaque NK cells enhances homing to sites of HIV replication in B cell follicles.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Ultrasound-Enhanced Drug Delivery in Pediatric Neuro-Oncology: A New Therapeutic Strategy.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Pathology associated with human CAR T cell administration in NOD.Cg-Veterinary pathology · 2026Article
- CAR T-cells in hematologic malignancies: Advances, challenges, and future directions.iScience · 2026Review
- Redesigning CAR therapy to tackle immune effector cell-associated hematotoxicity.Annals of hematology · 2026Review
- Brief Report: Multi-Institution Real-World Analysis Evaluating Safety, Efficacy, and ctDNA Dynamics After Tarlatamab in Patients With Previously Treated SCLC and LCNEC.JTO clinical and research reports · 2026Article
- CAR T-cell-associated acute myelopathy: a rare but critical neurologic toxicity to recognize.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2026Article
105 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells provide new therapeutic options for patients with relapsed/refractory hematologic malignancies. However, neurotoxicity is a frequent, and potentially fatal, complication. The spectrum of manifestations ranges from delirium and language dysfunction to seizures, coma, and fatal cerebral edema. This novel syndrome has been designated immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS). In this review, we draw an arc from our current understanding of how systemic and potentially local cytokine release act on the CNS, toward possible preventive and therapeutic approaches. We systematically review reported correlations of secreted inflammatory mediators in the serum/plasma and cerebrospinal fluid with the risk of ICANS in patients receiving CAR T cell therapy. Possible pathophysiologic impacts on the CNS are covered in detail for the most promising candidate cytokines, including IL-1, IL-6, IL-15, and GM-CSF. To provide insight into possible final common pathways of CNS inflammation, we place ICANS into the context of other systemic inflammatory conditions that are associated with neurologic dysfunction, including sepsis-associated encephalopathy, cerebral malaria, thrombotic microangiopathy, CNS infections, and hepatic encephalopathy. We then review in detail what is known about systemic cytokine interaction with components of the neurovascular unit, including endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes, and how microglia and neurons respond to systemic inflammatory challenges. Current therapeutic approaches, including corticosteroids and blockade of IL-1 and IL-6 signaling, are reviewed in the context of what is known about the role of cytokines in ICANS. Throughout, we point out gaps in knowledge and possible new approaches for the investigation of the mechanism, prevention, and treatment of ICANS.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.