ArticleJournal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR2021
Progranulin induces immune escape in breast cancer via up-regulating PD-L1 expression on tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and promoting CD8
Article in Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 156 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
156 citing papers in PubMed, 252 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Immune checkpoints and immunoregulation in metabolic diseases and cancers: pathological mechanisms and therapeutic potential.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Macrophage-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Deliver Progranulin to Alleviate Skin Wound Fibrosis.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026Article
- Blockade of IRE1-XBP1 Signaling Pathway Ameliorates IL-6-dependent Nerve Damage and Neuron Pyroptosis after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Mice.Experimental neurobiology · 2026Article
- GM-CSF Promotes Neutrophil PD-L1 Expression Through the VEGFR-2/STAT6/CSF2 Signaling Axis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- The Impact of the FXR1-FUBP1 Axis on Chemotherapy Resistance in LUSC Cells.Biochemical genetics · 2026Article
- Adaptive resistance in cancer immunotherapy.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2026Review
- Tumor-derived progranulin promotes macrophage cholesterol efflux and associated immunosuppressive features in oral squamous cell carcinoma.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Expression of progranulin (GP88) protein appears as an independent prognostic factor for clinical progression in high-risk prostate cancer patients.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Dynamic remodeling of amino acid metabolism in tumor-associated macrophages: Fueling immunosuppression, reshaping tumor niches, and unlocking metabolic checkpoints.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- Revealing the promising therapeutic targets and prognostic markers of primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- Acquired resistance of cancer therapies: Mechanisms and perspectives.Chinese medical journal · 2026Review
- Programmed Cell Death Protein 1-Interleukin-2 Bispecific Agents for Cancer Therapy.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2026Review
- Targeting glutamine metabolism to modulate macrophage functions in the tumor microenvironment.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- JAK/STAT-mediated regulation of PD-L1 expression in breast cancer: Molecular mechanisms and implications for immunotherapy.iScience · 2026Review
- METTL16-mediated m6A modification of LYRM2 drives breast cancer progression by inducing CD8Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes · 2026Article
- Multi-omics study on tumor-associated macrophages remodeling the tumor microenvironment via the CXCL5-CXCR2 axis to drive immune escape in bladder cancer.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2026Article
- Dynamic reprogramming of the tumor immune network via multicycle checkpoint degradation for cancer immunotherapy.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
96 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundProgranulin (PGRN), as a multifunctional growth factor, is overexpressed in multiple tumors, but the role of PGRN on tumor immunity is still unclear. Here, we studied the effect of PGRN on breast cancer tumor immunity and its possible molecular mechanism.
methodsThe changes of macrophage phenotypes after PGRN treatment were detected by western blot, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and flow cytometry. Western blot was used to study the signal molecular mechanism of PGRN regulating this process. The number and localization of immune cells in Wild-type (WT) and PGRN
resultsAfter being treated with PGRN, the expressions of M2 markers and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) on macrophages increased significantly. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway inhibitor Stattic significantly inhibited the expression of PD-L1 and M2 related markers induced by PGRN. In WT group, CD8 were co-localized with macrophages and PD-L1, but not tumor cells. The number of immune cells in PGRN
conclusionThese results demonstrate that PGRN promotes M2 polarization and PD-L1 expression by activating the STAT3 signaling pathway. Furthermore, through PD-1/PD-L1 interaction, PGRN can promote the breast tumor immune escape. Our research may provide new ideas and targets for clinical breast cancer immunotherapy.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.